Nrog kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam, tus nqi ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic (PV) txuas ntxiv txo qis, ua rau nws yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov yav tom ntej.
Cov Cheebtsam Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab Photovoltaic
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuab fais fab PV yog lub roj teeb PV hnub ci. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov roj teeb PV hnub ci tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb tiam neeg. Tiam neeg thawj zaug muaj cov roj teeb hnub ci uas siv silicon; tiam neeg thib ob suav nrog cov roj teeb hnub ci nyias nyias; thiab tiam neeg thib peb suav nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li cov roj teeb photovoltaic siab (HCPV), cov roj teeb hnub ci organic, cov roj teeb hnub ci yooj ywm, thiab cov roj teeb hnub ci uas muaj xim zas. Tam sim no, cov roj teeb hnub ci uas siv silicon tswj hwm kev lag luam, thaum cov roj teeb zaj duab xis nyias nyias maj mam tau txais feem ntawm kev lag luam. Feem ntau cov roj teeb tiam neeg thib peb, tshwj tsis yog HCPV, tseem nyob hauv theem tshawb fawb.
Cov Cell Hnub Ci Uas Muaj Silicon
Ntawm cov roj teeb hnub ci uas siv silicon, cov thev naus laus zis monocrystalline silicon yog qhov paub tab tshaj plaws. Qhov ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi ntawm cov roj teeb no feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, uas suav nrog cov kauj ruam xws li ingot casting, wafer slicing, diffusion, texturing, screen printing, thiab sintering. Cov roj teeb hnub ci uas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj no feem ntau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo ntawm photoelectric conversion ntawm 16-18%.
Cov roj teeb hnub ci monocrystalline silicon muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tab sis kuj kim tshaj plaws. Cov roj teeb hnub ci polycrystalline silicon muab kev txo nqi zoo los ntawm kev tsim cov silicon ingots loj loj uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom loj. Cov txheej txheem no yooj yim dua, txuag hluav taws xob, txuag cov khoom siv silicon, thiab xav tau cov khoom zoo qis dua.
Kev txo tus nqi ntawm cov roj teeb hnub ci tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: txo kev siv khoom siv (piv txwv li, txo cov tuab ntawm silicon wafer) thiab nce kev hloov pauv kom zoo dua. Cov txheej txheem los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm suav nrog kev nce kev nqus lub teeb (piv txwv li, kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw, kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam, txo qhov dav ntawm lub electrode pem hauv ntej), txo kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom photogenerated (piv txwv li, emitter passivation), thiab txo qis kev tiv thaiv (piv txwv li, kev doping hauv zos, thev naus laus zis teb rov qab).
Qhov kev hloov pauv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov hlwb hnub ci monocrystalline silicon yog 24.7%, ua tiav los ntawm PERL qauv hlwb hnub ci los ntawm University of New South Wales. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm thev naus laus zis suav nrog qhov concentration ntawm phosphorus doping qis ntawm qhov chaw silicon kom txo qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov chaw, kev sib kis siab hauv qab cov electrodes pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab los tsim cov kev sib cuag ohmic zoo, thiab kev siv photolithography los ua kom cov electrodes pem hauv ntej nqaim dua, ua rau thaj chaw nqus lub teeb ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov thev naus laus zis no tseem tsis tau muaj kev lag luam.
Lwm cov txheej txheem los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm suav nrog BP Solar cov hlwb textured grooved thiab back-contact (EWT) thev naus laus zis. Qhov qub ua tiav qhov ua haujlwm ntawm 18.3% los ntawm laser grooving, uas txo qhov dav ntawm cov electrodes pem hauv ntej thiab ua rau lub teeb nqus tau ntau dua. Qhov tom kawg ua tiav qhov ua haujlwm ntawm 21.3% los ntawm kev coj cov electrodes pem hauv ntej mus rau tom qab, ua rau thaj chaw nqus lub teeb ntau dua.
Cov Cell Hnub Ci Nyias-Zaj Duab Xis
Txawm hais tias cov roj teeb hnub ci crystalline silicon tseem ceeb vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm siab, kev txo lawv cov nqi yog qhov nyuaj vim tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom siv silicon. Cov roj teeb hnub ci nyias nyias, uas siv cov khoom siv tsawg dua, tau tshwm sim los ua lwm txoj hauv kev pheej yig. Cov hom roj teeb nyias nyias tseem ceeb suav nrog cov roj teeb nyias nyias raws li silicon, cov roj teeb cadmium telluride (CdTe), thiab cov roj teeb tooj liab indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
Cov hlwb nyias nyias uas ua los ntawm silicon tsuas yog tuab li 2 micrometers xwb, siv li ntawm 1.5% ntawm cov khoom siv silicon uas xav tau rau cov hlwb crystalline silicon. Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg lub PN junctions, cov hlwb no tuaj yeem yog ib qho-junction, ob qho-junction, lossis ntau qhov-junction, txhua lub muaj peev xwm nqus tau ntau lub wavelengths ntawm lub hnub ci. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov hlwb ib qho-junction yog li ntawm 7%, thaum cov hlwb ob qho-junction tuaj yeem ncav cuag 10%.
Cov hlwb CdTe nyias-zaj duab xis muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua (txog li 12%) vim lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm kev nqus lub teeb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej carcinogenic ntawm cadmium thiab cov khoom ntuj tsim tsawg ntawm tellurium ua rau muaj kev cov nyom rau kev txhim kho mus sij hawm ntev.
Cov hlwb CIGS uas muaj cov zaj duab xis nyias yog suav hais tias yog yav tom ntej ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ua haujlwm tau zoo. Los ntawm kev kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, lawv cov kev nqus lub teeb tuaj yeem txhim kho, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv zoo dua. Tam sim no, kev ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj mob ncav cuag 20.1%, thaum cov khoom lag luam ua tiav 13-14%, ua rau lawv ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlwb zaj duab xis nyias.
Cov Qog Hlwb Tiam Thib Peb
Hauv kev xav, cov hlwb tiam peb tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev hloov pauv siab. Tsuas yog HCPV xwb, feem ntau tseem nyob rau theem kev tshawb fawb. Cov hlwb HCPV feem ntau siv cov khoom siv semiconductor III-V, uas muaj kev tiv taus cua sov siab dua thiab tswj kev hloov pauv siab hauv qab lub teeb ci ntsa iab. Cov qauv sib txuas ntau qhov tso cai rau cov hlwb no kom phim lub hnub ci spectrum ze, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm theoretical txog li 68%. Kev tsim khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo tshaj 40%.
Cov roj teeb hnub ci raug muab tso rau hauv cov modules, thiab lawv cov ntawv thov nyob ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam. Cov ntawv thov thaum ntxov suav nrog cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas lus thiab cov satellites, tom qab ntawd nthuav dav mus rau thaj chaw nyob xws li lub ru tsev hnub ci. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, thaj chaw teeb tsa tsawg thiab qhov xav tau lub zog ntau yog nyiam cov crystalline silicon modules. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci loj thiab cov photovoltaics sib xyaw ua ke (BIPV), kev txiav txim siab txog tus nqi tau ua rau muaj kev siv cov roj teeb nyias nyias. Cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig thiab huab cua kuj cuam tshuam rau kev siv cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv.
Cov ntawv thov ntawm Solar Photovoltaic Technology
Kev hloov cov hluav taws xob hnub ci mus ua hluav taws xob siv tau yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci PV tiav. Cov roj teeb hnub ci PV yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshuab no, uas kuj suav nrog cov inverters, roj teeb, cov tshuab saib xyuas, thiab cov tshuab faib khoom.
Kev faib tawm thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm PV System
Cov tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci PV raug faib ua ob pawg: off-grid lossis grid-tied. Cov tshuab off-grid tuaj yeem ua tau ib leeg lossis hybrid.
Cov txheej txheem sawv ntsug feem ntau siv rau hauv thaj chaw deb, chaw sib txuas lus, thiab teeb pom kev zoo ntawm txoj kev hnub ci, vam khom lub zog hnub ci tag nrho. Lawv suav nrog cov modules hnub ci, inverters, controllers, roj teeb, cov kab ke faib khoom, thiab kev tiv thaiv xob laim. Roj teeb thiab controllers cuam tshuam rau tus nqi thiab lub neej ntawm lub kaw lus. Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke lub zog hnub ci nrog lwm qhov chaw xws li cov tshuab hluav taws xob diesel lossis cov turbines cua.
Cov tshuab grid-tied, feem ntau siv rau lub ru tsev hnub ci thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob PV loj, tsis tas yuav muaj cov khoom siv khaws cia, txo cov nqi. Cov tshuab no suav nrog cov modules hnub ci, inverters, cov tshuab faib khoom, kev tiv thaiv xob laim, thiab cov tshuab saib xyuas. Tam sim no, cov tshuab grid-tied suav txog 80% ntawm tag nrho cov kev siv hnub ci.
Lwm Cov Txuj Ci Tsim Hluav Taws Xob PV
Ntxiv rau kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci PV, kev siv tshuab inverter, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm grid, kev khaws cia, thiab kev saib xyuas ntse yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob PV:
Lub zog tso zis ntawm lub roj teeb hnub ci sib txawv raws li lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci, ua rau muaj kev sib cais. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub grid loj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub grid, ua rau kev tswj hwm lub grid thiab kev tiv thaiv cov kob tseem ceeb.
Cov zis ntawm lub hnub ci module yog hluav taws xob ncaj qha (DC), xav tau kev hloov pauv zoo mus rau hluav taws xob hloov pauv (AC) los ntawm cov inverters.
Cov zis hluav taws xob ntawm module tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam xws li kub thiab ntxoov ntxoo, uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lub kaw lus thiab lub tswb ceeb toom.
Kev siv tshuab tswj chaw taws teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob PV hauv thaj chaw deb.
Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws ua tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hnub ci hauv qhov zoo thiab qhov loj. Cov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov saw hlau kev lag luam suav nrog kev ntxuav silicon, inverters, cov txheej txheem saib xyuas, thiab kev tsim khoom siv PV. Kev ua tiav cov kev tshawb pom hauv cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb no yog qhov nyuaj rau Tuam Tshoj kev lag luam PV.
Cov Xwm Txheej Tam Sim No thiab Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Kev Tsim Hluav Taws Xob Hnub Ci PV
Vim yog tus nqi siab, kev tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub ci PV tsis tau pom kev loj hlob loj txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua dhau los. Nkag mus rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab cov nqi txo qis sai, kev tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub ci PV tau muaj kev loj hlob sai, nrog rau lub peev xwm ntsia tau nce txhua xyoo. Lub peev xwm ntsia thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo tau nce los ntawm 1.4 GW hauv xyoo 2000 mus rau 22.8 GW hauv xyoo 2009. Cov teb chaws Europe xws li Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Ltalis, thiab Spain yog cov lag luam loj, nrog rau EU npaj yuav nce qhov feem ntawm lub zog hnub ci mus rau 12% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm xyoo 2020. Cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb kuj tau tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub. Dhau li ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas lus, cov ru tsev hnub ci, thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob PV, kev tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub ci PV tam sim no siv dav hauv ntau yam khoom siv mobile.
Ua ib qho chaw muab hluav taws xob ntxiv thiab lwm txoj hauv kev, thev naus laus zis hnub ci PV tab tom txhim kho sai, nrog rau cov nqi tsim hluav taws xob txo qis. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis, lub zog hnub ci, ua ib qho chaw huv thiab rov ua dua tshiab, tau npaj los ua lub hauv paus zog tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.
