Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi kukula kwa mafakitale, mtengo wamagetsi opangira magetsi a photovoltaic (PV) ukupitirira kuchepa, zomwe zikuika mphamvu ngati gwero lofunikira la chitukuko chokhazikika mtsogolo.
Zigawo Zofunika Kwambiri za Ukadaulo wa Photovoltaic
Gawo lalikulu la ukadaulo wopanga magetsi a PV ndi selo la PV la dzuwa. Kusintha kwa maselo a PV a dzuwa kungagawidwe m'mibadwo itatu. Mbadwo woyamba uli ndi maselo a dzuwa ochokera ku silicon; mbadwo wachiwiri umaphatikizapo maselo a dzuwa a thin-film; ndipo mbadwo wachitatu umaphatikizapo ukadaulo watsopano monga maselo a photovoltaic (HCPV) okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, maselo a dzuwa achilengedwe, maselo a dzuwa osinthasintha, ndi maselo a dzuwa omwe amakhudzidwa ndi utoto. Pakadali pano, maselo a dzuwa ochokera ku silicon ndi omwe amalamulira msika, pomwe maselo a thin-film akupeza gawo pamsika pang'onopang'ono. Maselo ambiri a m'badwo wachitatu, kupatula HCPV, akadali mu gawo lofufuza.
Maselo a Dzuwa Ochokera ku Silicon
Pakati pa maselo a dzuwa opangidwa ndi silicon, ukadaulo wa silicon wa monocrystalline ndiye wokhwima kwambiri. Kuchita bwino ndi mtengo wa maselo awa zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira yopangira, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira monga kuponya ingot, kudula wafer, kufalitsa, texturing, kusindikiza pazenera, ndi sintering. Maselo a dzuwa opangidwa kudzera mu njira yachikhalidweyi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yosinthira kuwala kwa dzuwa ya 16-18%.
Maselo a dzuwa a silicon imodzi yokha ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira zinthu koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Maselo a dzuwa a silicon ya polycrystalline amapereka kuchepetsa mtengo wabwino popanga mwachindunji ma ingot akuluakulu a silicon okwanira kupanga zinthu zambiri. Njirayi ndi yosavuta, imasunga mphamvu, imasunga zinthu za silicon, ndipo imafuna kuti zinthuzo zikhale zochepa.
Kuchepetsa mtengo wa maselo a dzuwa kungapezeke kudzera mu njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu (monga kuchepetsa makulidwe a silicon wafer) ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu yosinthira. Njira zowonjezera mphamvu zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa kuwala (monga, kuphimba pamwamba, kuphimba kotsutsana ndi kuwala, kuchepetsa m'lifupi mwa ma electrode akutsogolo), kuchepetsa kubwezeretsanso kwa zonyamulira zopangidwa ndi photogenerated (monga, emitter passivation), ndi kuchepetsa kukana (monga, doping yapafupi, ukadaulo wa back surface field).
Mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri yosinthira ma solar cell a monocrystalline silicon ndi 24.7%, yomwe idapezeka ndi PERL structure solar cell kuchokera ku University of New South Wales. Zinthu zazikulu zaukadaulo zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa phosphorous doping pamwamba pa silicon kuti achepetse kubwerezabwereza kwa pamwamba, kufalikira kwamphamvu pansi pa ma electrode akutsogolo ndi akumbuyo kuti apange ma ohmic contacts abwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito photolithography kuti achepetse ma electrode akutsogolo, ndikuwonjezera malo olowera kuwala. Komabe, ukadaulo uwu sunakhalepo wamakampani.
Njira zina zowongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi monga ukadaulo wa BP Solar's surface groove texture cells ndi back-contact (EWT). Yoyamba imakwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito a 18.3% kudzera mu laser grooving, zomwe zimachepetsa m'lifupi mwa ma electrode akutsogolo ndikuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa kuwala. Yomaliza imakwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito a 21.3% pobweretsa ma electrode akutsogolo kumbuyo, zomwe zimawonjezera malo olandirira kuwala.
Maselo a Dzuwa Opyapyala
Ngakhale maselo a solar a silicon opangidwa ndi kristalo amalamulira chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwawo bwino, kuchepetsa mtengo wawo kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wa zinthu za silicon. Maselo a solar opangidwa ndi thin-film, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa, aonekera ngati njira ina yotsika mtengo. Mitundu yayikulu ya maselo a thin-film ndi monga maselo a thin-film opangidwa ndi silicon, maselo a cadmium telluride (CdTe), ndi maselo a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
Maselo opyapyala okhala ndi silicon ndi okhuthala ma micrometer awiri okha, pogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 1.5% ya zinthu za silicon zomwe zimafunikira pa maselo a silicon opangidwa ndi kristalo. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma PN junction, maselo awa akhoza kukhala olumikizana kamodzi, olumikizana kawiri, kapena olumikizana kawiri, iliyonse imatha kuyamwa mafunde osiyanasiyana a dzuwa. Mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri ya maselo olumikizana kamodzi ndi pafupifupi 7%, pomwe maselo olumikizana kawiri amatha kufika 10%.
Maselo a CdTe thin-film amapereka mphamvu zambiri (mpaka 12%) chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zabwino zoyamwa kuwala. Komabe, cadmium imayambitsa khansa komanso kuchepa kwa tellurium m'chilengedwe kumabweretsa mavuto pakukula kwa nthawi yayitali.
Maselo a CIGS thin-film amaonedwa kuti ndi tsogolo la ukadaulo wa thin-film wothandiza kwambiri. Mwa kusintha njira yopangira, kuyamwa kwawo kuwala kumatha kukonzedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kukhale kogwira mtima kwambiri. Pakadali pano, magwiridwe antchito a labotale amafika pa 20.1%, pomwe zinthu zamalonda zimafika pa 13-14%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ogwira mtima kwambiri pakati pa maselo a thin-film.
Maselo a M'badwo Wachitatu
Mwachidziwitso, maselo a m'badwo wachitatu amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira. Kupatula HCPV, ambiri amakhalabe mu gawo lofufuza. Maselo a HCPV nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za semiconductor za III-V, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zoteteza kutentha komanso zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira kutentha pansi pa kuwala kwakukulu. Kapangidwe ka mayunitsi ambiri kamalola maselowa kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndipo mphamvu zake mpaka 68%. Kupanga kwamalonda kumatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zoposa 40%.
Maselo a dzuwa amaikidwa m'magawo, ndipo ntchito zawo zimadalira makhalidwe awo ndi zomwe msika ukufuna. Ntchito zoyambirira zinaphatikizapo malo olumikizirana ndi ma satellite, kenako n’kufalikira kumadera okhala anthu monga madenga a dzuwa. Muzochitika izi, malo ochepa okhazikitsa ndi zosowa zamphamvu kwambiri zidakonda ma module a silicon a crystalline. Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale akuluakulu amagetsi a dzuwa ndi ma photovoltaics omangidwa (BIPV), kuganizira za mtengo kwapangitsa kuti ma cell ang'onoang'ono azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Zachilengedwe ndi nyengo zimakhudzanso kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ukadaulo wa Solar Photovoltaic
Kusintha mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kumafuna dongosolo lonse la PV la dzuwa. Maselo a PV a dzuwa amapanga maziko a dongosololi, lomwe limaphatikizaponso ma inverter, mabatire, makina owunikira, ndi makina ogawa.
Kugawa ndi Kupanga kwa Dongosolo la PV
Makina a solar PV amagawidwa m'magulu monga opanda gridi kapena olumikizidwa ndi gridi. Makina opanda gridi amatha kukhala odziyimira pawokha kapena osakanizidwa.
Makina odziyimira pawokha nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera akutali, malo olumikizirana, ndi magetsi amisewu a dzuwa, kudalira mphamvu ya dzuwa kwathunthu. Amaphatikizapo ma module a dzuwa, ma inverter, owongolera, mabatire, makina ogawa, ndi chitetezo cha mphezi. Mabatire ndi owongolera amakhudza kwambiri mtengo wa makina ndi nthawi ya moyo wake. Makina osakanikirana amaphatikiza mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi zinthu zina monga majenereta a dizilo kapena ma turbine amphepo.
Makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padenga la dzuwa ndi mafakitale akuluakulu amagetsi a PV, safuna zida zosungiramo zinthu, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama. Makinawa akuphatikizapo ma module a dzuwa, ma inverter, makina ogawa, chitetezo cha mphezi, ndi makina owunikira. Pakadali pano, makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi ndi 80% ya ntchito zonse za dzuwa.
Maukadaulo Ena Opangira Mphamvu za PV
Kupatula ukadaulo wa ma solar PV cell, ukadaulo wa inverter, kuphatikiza gridi, kusungira, ndi kuyang'anira mwanzeru ndikofunikira kwambiri pamakina opangira magetsi a PV:
Mphamvu yotulutsa ma cell a dzuwa imasiyana malinga ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi isamapite. Kuphatikiza ma gridi akuluakulu kumatha kukhudza gridi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwongolera ma gridi ndi chitetezo cha zilumba zikhale zofunikira.
Mphamvu ya solar module ndi ya direct current (DC), yomwe imafuna kusintha kwapamwamba kukhala alternating current (AC) kudzera mu inverters.
Mphamvu yotulutsa ma module ingakhudzidwe ndi zinthu monga kutentha ndi mthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwunika kwa makina ndi ma alarm.
Ukadaulo wowongolera kutali ndi wofunikira kwambiri pamakina opangira magetsi a PV m'madera akutali.
China ikutsogolera pakupanga ma module a dzuwa pankhani ya ubwino ndi kukula. Madera omwe amapeza phindu lalikulu mkati mwa unyolo wa mafakitale akuphatikizapo kuyeretsa kwa silicon, ma inverter, makina owunikira, ndi kupanga zida za PV. Kupeza zinthu zatsopano m'magawo ofunikira awa ndi vuto kwa makampani a PV aku China.
Mkhalidwe Wapano ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo za Kupanga Mphamvu za Dzuwa za PV
Chifukwa cha mitengo yokwera, kupanga magetsi a PV a dzuwa sikunachitikepo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 2000, ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso ndalama zomwe zimachepa mofulumira, kupanga magetsi a PV a dzuwa kwakula mofulumira, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa zikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi pachaka zinakwera kuchoka pa 1.4 GW mu 2000 kufika pa 22.8 GW mu 2009. Mayiko aku Europe monga Germany, Italy, ndi Spain ndi misika yayikulu, ndipo EU ikukonzekera kuwonjezera gawo la mphamvu ya dzuwa kufika pa 12% ya magetsi onse pofika chaka cha 2020. Mayiko omwe akutukuka monga China ndi India nawonso ayambitsa mapulani okonza magetsi a dzuwa. Kupatula malo olumikizirana, madenga a dzuwa, ndi malo opangira magetsi a PV, kupanga magetsi a PV a dzuwa tsopano kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafoni osiyanasiyana.
Monga gwero lamphamvu lowonjezera komanso lina, ukadaulo wa PV wa dzuwa ukupita patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo ndalama zopangira zinthu zikuchepa. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, mphamvu ya dzuwa, monga chuma choyera komanso chongowonjezedwanso, yakonzeka kukhala gwero lofunikira la mphamvu pakukula kokhazikika.
