Msika wa PV ku Japan: Ukukulirakulira pakati pa mavuto
Japan yakhala ikukumana ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa chitukuko cha mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndi mapulojekiti opitilira 6.7 GW a photovoltaic (PV) omwe adavomerezedwa pakati pa Julayi 2022 ndi Januwale 2023, malinga ndi Unduna wa Zachuma, Zamalonda ndi Makampani (METI). Mapulojekiti opitilira 47 peresenti awa akupitirira 1 megawatt (MW), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dzina la m'deralo likhale "Mega Solar." Pamene Japan ikupita patsogolo ndi ma solar installations akuluakuluwa, mafunso amabuka ngati ingakwere kukhala msika wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wa PV. Ngakhale kuti pali chiyembekezo, pali mavuto angapo, makamaka okhudza mphamvu ya gridi ndi kukhazikika.
Mavuto a Grid ndi Kusiyana kwa Zigawo
Pamene Japan ikubweretsa mapulojekiti ambiri a Mega Solar pa intaneti, mphamvu ya gridi yakhala nkhawa yayikulu. Kampani ya Hokkaido Power Electric, imodzi mwa makampani omwe amagulitsa ndalama ku Japan, inanena kuti mphamvu yake yotumizira ma volteji ambiri yamagetsi a PV opitilira 2 MW pakadali pano ili ndi mphamvu ya 400 MW. Pofika pa Marichi 31, kampaniyi idalandira mapulogalamu okwana kanayi kuposa mphamvu imeneyi. Chifukwa chake, magawo atatu mwa anayi a mapulojekiti omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito sangathe kulowa mu gridi yamagetsi kapena ayenera kuchepetsa kukula kwawo. Hokkaido yadziwitsa anthu ambiri omwe akufuna ntchito za kusowa kwa mphamvu ya gridi yamagetsi. METI yapempha opanga mapulojekiti kuti aganizire madera omwe ali ndi anthu ochepa kuti apange zatsopano za dzuwa.
Chigawo cha Hokkaido, chomwe chili ndi malo ake opezeka komanso otsika mtengo, chimawerengera pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya mapulojekiti akuluakulu a PV omwe avomerezedwa pansi pa ndondomeko ya dziko lonse ya Feed-in Tariff (FIT), ngakhale kuti malo ogwirira ntchitowa akutumikira zosakwana 3 peresenti ya kufunikira kwa magetsi mdziko lonse. Kusalingana kumeneku kukuwonetsa kufunikira kogawa bwino mapulojekiti a dzuwa kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino gridi ndikusunga bata.
Kusintha kwa FIT ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo
Bungwe la FIT la dziko lonse limalamula makampani opanga magetsi kuti apereke mwayi wopeza magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito gridi ndikugula magetsi onse opangidwa kuchokera ku makina obwezerezedwanso, kupatulapo zina. Komabe, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti gridiyo ili yokhazikika, METI idalengeza mapulani adzidzidzi pa Epulo 17, zomwe zidalola makampani opanga magetsi kukhala ndi ufulu wochulukirapo woletsa kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito gridiyo. Malamulo oyambirira a FIT adaphatikizapo lamulo lolipira masiku 30, pomwe makampani opanga magetsi ayenera kulipira opanga magetsi obwezerezedwanso ngati atapemphedwa kuti achepetse kupanga magetsi kwa masiku opitilira 30 pachaka. METI tsopano ikuganizira zochotsa lamuloli lolipira, ndipo chisankho chomaliza chikuyembekezeka pakati pa Meyi.
Mapulojekiti Aakulu ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo
Limodzi mwa mapulojekiti akuluakulu a PV ku Japan ndi pulojekiti ya 400-MW (AC) pachilumba cha Ukujima ku Nagasaki Prefecture, yopangidwa ndi kampani yaku Germany ya Photovolt Development Partners GmbH. Yovomerezedwa ndi METI mu Marichi isanachepetse mtengo wa FIT kuchoka pa ¥40/kWh kufika pa ¥36/kWh, pulojekitiyi idzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono m'magawo angapo. Magetsi opangidwa adzatumizidwa ku Kyushu mainland kudzera mu chingwe chamagetsi champhamvu chamagetsi chapansi pa nyanja, kuthetsa kusiyana kwa kufunikira kwa madera. Kyushu Electric Power Company, yomwe yavomereza mapulojekiti opitilira 800 MW a Mega Solar, ikuyimira 25 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za dzikolo. Ngakhale kuti pali nkhawa za kuchuluka kwa magetsi, kampaniyo sinalengezebe zoletsa zilizonse zolowera.
Kusintha kwa Mphamvu Pambuyo pa Fukushima
Pambuyo pa tsoka la Fukushima Tsunami-Nuclear Disaster mu Marichi 2011, Japan yakhala ikuyesetsa kusintha mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi gasi wachilengedwe ndi magwero ena a mphamvu. FIT ndi yofunika kwambiri pakusakaniza mphamvu ku Japan. Komabe, kukwaniritsa izi sikutanthauza mphamvu zokwanira za gridi komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi atsopano amagetsi. Wopanga mapulogalamu wakomweko adati, "Woyamba kufika, woyamba kutumikira. Ngati muchitapo kanthu mwachangu, mutha kupambana," kuwonetsa mpikisano womwe uli pamsika. Wina adayerekeza vutoli ndi zovuta za mfundo za mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ku Spain, zomwe zikusonyeza mavuto omwe angakhalepo mu njira ya Japan.
Pulogalamu ya FIT ya ku Japan, yofanana ndi ya ku Germany, ikufuna kukhazikitsa msika wa PV wokhazikika. Pamene boma likupitiliza kuchitapo kanthu ndikupanga malamulo atsopano poyankha mavuto omwe akubwera, pali chiopsezo chobwerezabwereza momwe zinthu zikuyendera ku Spain, komwe kukula kokhazikika sikunakwaniritsidwe. Kusintha komwe kukuchitika komanso njira zoyendetsera ntchito zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikiza kupambana kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukhazikika kwa msika wa PV ku Japan.
Mkhalidwe ndi Kawonedwe kake Panopa
Pofika mu 2024, dziko la Japan likupitilizabe kutsogolera pakupanga zatsopano za mphamvu ya dzuwa, koma kuphatikiza gridi ndi kukhazikika kwa mfundo zikupitirirabe kukhala nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Boma likuyika ndalama muukadaulo wapamwamba wa gridi ndikufufuza njira zosungira mphamvu kuti ziwonjezere kulimba kwa gridi. Kudzipereka ku mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa n'koonekeratu, koma kukonzekera mosamala ndi kuwona patsogolo malamulo ndikofunikira kuti tipewe misampha yakukula mwachangu komanso kosayang'aniridwa. Chidziwitso cha dziko la Japan chimagwira ntchito ngati chitsanzo chofunikira kwa mayiko ena omwe akufuna kulinganiza kukula kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi kukhazikika kwa gridi komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino pazachuma.
