Makina osungira mphamvu ya dzuwa m'nyumba mwanzeru akhala ofala kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yobiriwira ingaperekedwe kwa banja usana ndi usiku, ndipo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, simuyenera kuda nkhawa ndi mitengo yamagetsi yokwera. Izi zimakupulumutsirani ndalama pa bilu yanu yamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense ali ndi moyo wabwino.
Masana, makina osungira mphamvu a PV kunyumba amasonkhanitsa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndikuisunga yokha kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi katundu usiku. Ngati magetsi azima mwadzidzidzi, makinawo amatha kusintha mwachangu kupita ku gwero lamagetsi lothandizira kuti awonetsetse kuti magetsi onse, zida zamagetsi, ndi zida zina zimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse momwe ziyenera kukhalira. Batire yomwe ili mumakina osungira mphamvu kunyumba imatha kuyitanidwa yokha pamene magetsi sakugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwanjira imeneyi, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito magetsi akazima kapena pamene magetsi akufunikira kwambiri. Chipangizo chosungira mphamvu kunyumba chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero lamagetsi lothandizira pakagwa tsoka. Chingathenso kulinganiza mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, zomwe zimapulumutsa ndalama za banja pa mabilu awo amagetsi. Makina osungira mphamvu a PV kunyumba anzeru amagwira ntchito ngati malo osungira magetsi ang'onoang'ono ndipo sakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa gridi yamagetsi m'mizinda.
Funso kwa akatswiri?
Kodi makina osungira mphamvu a PV kunyumba ali ndi ziwalo zamtundu wanji, ndipo zimadalira chiyani kuti zigwire ntchito? Ndi mitundu yanji ya njira zosungira mphamvu za PV kunyumba zomwe zilipo? Nchifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira kusankha makina osungira mphamvu a PV kunyumba oyenera?
"Masekondi" a CEM Know-How
Kodi njira yosungira mphamvu ya PV m'nyumba ndi chiyani?
Dongosolo losungira mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa limapangidwa ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa komanso makina osungira mphamvu. Limatha kusunga magetsi opangidwa ndi dzuwa. Ndi mtundu uwu wa makina, anthu amatha kupanga magetsi masana ndikusunga zina zowonjezera kuti azigwiritsa ntchito usiku kapena pamene palibe kuwala kokwanira.
Kusankha makina osungira mphamvu a PV m'magulu
Pakadali pano, pali mitundu iwiri ya makina osungira mphamvu m'nyumba: omwe ali olumikizidwa ku gridi ndi omwe alibe.
Njira yosungira mphamvu yolumikizidwa ndi gridi ya nyumba
Ma solar panels, ma inverters olumikizidwa ndi gridi, makina oyendetsera batri (BMS), ndi ma AC load amapanga zigawo zake zazikulu zisanu. Ma PV panels ndi makina osungira mphamvu amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti apatse mphamvu chipangizocho. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikayaka, makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi ya PV ndi mphamvu yamagetsi zimapatsa mphamvu katunduyo. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikazima, makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi ya PV ndi makina osungira mphamvu zimapatsa mphamvu katunduyo. Pali njira zitatu zomwe makina osungira mphamvu yamagetsi apakhomo olumikizidwa ndi gridi angagwire ntchito: Njira 1: PV imasunga mphamvu ndikutumiza mphamvu yowonjezera pa intaneti; Njira 2: PV imasunga mphamvu ndikuthandiza wogwiritsa ntchito zina mwa zosowa zawo zamagetsi; ndi Njira 3: PV imasunga mphamvu zina zokha.
Njira yosungira mphamvu m'nyumba popanda gridi
Chosinthira magetsi cha PV chingagwire ntchito chifukwa chili chosiyana ndi gridi ndipo sichiyenera kulumikizidwa nacho. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dongosolo lonse silifunikira chosinthira magetsi cholumikizidwa ndi gridi. Dongosolo losungira mphamvu kunyumba lopanda gridi lili ndi njira zitatu zosiyana zogwirira ntchito. Mu mode 1, PV imapereka malo osungira mphamvu ndi magetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masiku a dzuwa. Mu mode 2, PV ndi batire yosungiramo magetsi zimapereka magetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masiku a mitambo. Ndipo mu mode 3, batire yosungiramo magetsi imapereka magetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masiku amdima ndi amvula.
Chosinthira magetsi chili ngati ubongo ndi mtima wa makina osungira mphamvu m'nyumba. Sichingalekanitsidwe ndi makinawo, kaya chalumikizidwa ku gridi kapena ayi.
Kodi pali mawu oti afotokoze izi?
Inverter ndi gawo lofala la machitidwe amphamvu. Imatha kusintha mphamvu ya DC (kuchokera ku mabatire kapena mabatire osungira) kukhala mphamvu ya AC (220v50HZ sine kapena square wave). Mwachidule, inverter ndi makina omwe amasintha mphamvu yamagetsi mwachindunji (DC) kukhala mphamvu yosinthira (AC). Pali mlatho wosinthira, logic yowongolera, ndi dera losefera mkati mwake. Ma diode a Rectifier ndi thyristors ndi magawo awiri ofanana. Makompyuta ambiri ndi zida zapakhomo zimakhala ndi zosinthira (DC kupita ku AC) zomwe zimamangidwa mumagetsi awo. Izi zimatchedwa ma inverter.
Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa ma transformer kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la dongosololi?
Kutumiza kwa AC kumagwira ntchito bwino kuposa kutumiza kwa DC ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mphamvu kumalo ambiri. Mutha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe kumatayika ndi mphamvu yotumizira ya waya pogwiritsa ntchito equation P=I2R, yomwe imayimira "mphamvu = sikweya ya kukana kwamagetsi." Kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu, muyenera kuchepetsa mphamvu yotumizira ya waya kapena kukana kwake. N'zovuta kuchepetsa kukana kwa mizere yotumizira (monga mawaya amkuwa) chifukwa zimawononga ndalama zambiri ndipo zimafuna luso lambiri la sayansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yokhayo yothandiza ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yotumizira. Mphamvu = Mphamvu x Voltage, kapena makamaka, mphamvu yogwira ntchito = IUcosφ. Kuti musunge mphamvu, mphamvu mu mizere ikhoza kugwetsedwa posintha mphamvu yolunjika kukhala mphamvu yosinthira ndikukweza mphamvu ya gridi.
Mofananamo, kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito photovoltaic panels kumagwiritsa ntchito ma photovoltaic panels kuti apange mphamvu ya DC. Komabe, katundu wambiri amafunika mphamvu ya AC. Pali mavuto ena ndi magwero a mphamvu ya DC. Sikophweka kusintha magetsi, ndipo katundu amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ochepa. Katundu wonse, kupatulapo katundu wina wamagetsi, amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ma inverter kuti asinthe mphamvu ya DC kukhala mphamvu ya AC. Chosinthira cha photovoltaic ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri la mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito photovoltaic. Chimasintha mphamvu ya DC kuchokera ku module ya photovoltaic kukhala mphamvu ya AC, yomwe imatumizidwa ku katundu kapena gwero lamagetsi ndikuteteza zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ma module amagetsi, ma control circuit board, ma circuit breakers, ma filters, ma reactors, ma transformers, ma contactors, makabati, ndi zina zimapanga PV inverter. Kukonza zinthu zamagetsi asanayambe, kusonkhanitsa makina, kuyesa, kulongedza makina, ndi zina zimapanga njira yopangira. Kukula kwa njirazi kumadalira kupita patsogolo komwe kwapangidwa muukadaulo wamagetsi amagetsi, ukadaulo wa zida za semiconductor, ndi ukadaulo wamakono wowongolera.
Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Ma Inverters
Inverter ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu awa:
1. Inverter yolumikizidwa ku gridi
Kuphatikiza pa kusintha DC kukhala AC, inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi imatha kulumikiza AC yake yotulutsa ndi ma frequency ndi gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti AC yotulutsa ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ku mphamvu yamagetsi. Mwanjira ina, inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi imatha kulumikizana ndi chingwe chamagetsi mwanjira yolumikizana. Inverter iyi imatha kutumiza mphamvu yomwe sikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku gridi popanda mabatire, ndipo njira yake yolowera imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa MTTP.
2. Ma inverter omwe safunika kulumikizidwa ku gridi
Ma inverter opanda gridi, omwe nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ku ma solar panels, ma wind turbine ang'onoang'ono, kapena ma DC power source ena, amasintha mphamvu ya DC kukhala mphamvu ya AC yomwe nyumba ingagwiritse ntchito. Amathanso kupatsa mphamvu katundu ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku gridi ndi mabatire. Amatchedwa "off-gridi" chifukwa salumikizana ndi gridi yamagetsi ndipo safuna gwero lamagetsi lakunja.
Ma inverter opanda gridi ndi makina oyamba oyendetsedwa ndi batri omwe amalola kuti ma microgrid agwire ntchito m'malo enaake. Inverter yopanda gridi imatha kusunga mphamvu ndikuisintha kukhala mitundu ina. Ili ndi ma inputs apano, ma inputs a DC, ma inputs a fast charge, ma DC outputs amphamvu kwambiri, komanso ma AC outputs achangu. Imagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yowongolera kusintha momwe ma input ndi output amagwirira ntchito kuti magwero monga ma solar panels kapena ma wind mills ang'onoang'ono azigwira ntchito bwino momwe angathere. Imagwiritsanso ntchito pure sine wave output kuti iwonjezere ubwino wa mphamvu.
Mabatire a inverter opanda gridi ndi ofunikira pamakina a dzuwa opanda gridi chifukwa amasunga mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito magetsi akatha kapena kulibe magetsi. Ma inverter opanda gridi amathandizanso kuti musadalire kwambiri gridi yayikulu, zomwe zingayambitse kuzimitsa magetsi, kuzimitsa magetsi, ndi mavuto ena omwe makampani sangathe kukonza.
Inverter yopanda gridi yokhala ndi chowongolera champhamvu cha dzuwa ilinso ndi chowongolera chamkati cha PWM kapena MPPT chomwe chimalola wogwiritsa ntchito kulumikiza zolowetsa za PV ku inverter ya dzuwa ndikuwona momwe PV ilili pachiwonetsero cha inverter ya dzuwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kukhazikitsa ndikuwunika makinawo. Ma inverter opanda gridi m'mainjini osungira ndi mabatire amadziyesa okha kuti atsimikizire kuti mphamvu zake ndi zokhazikika komanso zokwanira. Ngakhale kuti zamagetsi otsika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyitanitsa zida zapakhomo, zamagetsi amphamvu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyitanitsa mapulojekiti abizinesi ndi achinsinsi.
3. Chosinthira Chosakanikirana
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya ma inverter osakanizidwa: imodzi ndi inverter yopanda gridi yokhala ndi chowongolera champhamvu cha dzuwa chomangidwa mkati, ndipo ina ndi inverter ya pa gridi ndi yopanda gridi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina a photovoltaic olumikizidwa ndi gridi komanso opanda gridi ndipo mabatire ake amatha kukhazikitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Zimene transformer imachita nthawi zambiri
1. Ntchito zoyendetsera ndi kutseka zokha
Pamene tsiku likupitirira ndipo ngodya ya dzuwa ikukwera pang'onopang'ono, mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa imakweranso. Dongosolo la PV limatha kutenga mphamvu zambiri za dzuwa, ndipo likafika pamlingo wa mphamvu yotulutsa yomwe ikufunika kuti inverter igwire ntchito, limatha kuyamba kugwira ntchito lokha. Limasiya kugwira ntchito ndikuyamba kugona pamene mphamvu yotulutsa ya inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi/yosungira ili 0 kapena pafupi kwambiri ndi 0. Izi zimachitika mphamvu yotulutsa ya dongosolo la PV ikatsika.
2. Ntchito ya mphamvu yotsutsa zilumba
Njira yopangira magetsi a photovoltaic olumikizidwa ndi gridi, makina opangira magetsi a photovoltaic, ndi ntchito ya gridi ya makina opangira magetsi. Pamene gridi yamagetsi ya anthu onse yatsika kapena ikuchita zinthu modabwitsa, zotsatira zake zimachitika ngati makina opangira magetsi a photovoltaic sangathe kusiya kugwira ntchito pakapita nthawi kapena kulekanitsidwa ndi makina opangira magetsi koma akadali ndi mphamvu. Ndizoipa kwa makina a PV komanso gwero lamagetsi pamene pali zilumba zamagetsi.
Chosinthira magetsi cholumikizidwa ndi gridi/chosungira mphamvu chili ndi dera loteteza lamkati loletsa zilumba lomwe limatha kuzindikira gridiyo mwanzeru nthawi yeniyeni ndikuphatikiza magetsi, ma frequency, ndi zina zambiri. Ngati pali zolakwika mu gridi ya anthu onse, chosinthira magetsi chingagwiritse ntchito miyeso yosiyanasiyana panthawi yoyenera kuti chichepetse magetsi, kuyimitsa kutulutsa, ndikuwonetsa zolakwika.
3. Mbali yowongolera kuti mupeze malo olondola kwambiri amagetsi
Ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri wa inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi kapena yosungiramo zinthu ndi ntchito yake yayikulu yowongolera kutsatira malo amphamvu (MPPT function). Ntchitoyi imalola inverter kupeza ndikuwona mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yotulutsa ziwalo zake nthawi yeniyeni.
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingasinthe mphamvu yotulutsa ya makina a PV, ndipo nthawi zina sizingatheke kuti ipitirire pa mphamvu yake yabwino kwambiri yotulutsa.
Ntchito ya MPPT yolumikizidwa ndi gridi/yosungirako ya inverter imatha kutsatira mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri ya gawo lililonse nthawi yeniyeni. Kenako imatha kusintha mwanzeru mphamvu ya point working point (kapena current) ya dongosololi kuti ibweretse pafupi ndi point power point, zomwe zidzakulitsa mphamvu yopangidwa ndi dongosolo la PV ndikuwonetsetsa kuti likugwira ntchito mosalekeza komanso moyenera.
4. Mbali yanzeru yosamalira zingwe
Kutengera ndi kutsatira koyamba kwa MPPT, inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi/yosungira mphamvu yamaliza kale ntchito yozindikira zingwe zanzeru. Kuzindikira zingwe kumafufuza molondola magetsi ndi mphamvu ya chingwe chilichonse cha nthambi, mosiyana ndi kutsatira kwa MPPT. Izi zimathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kuwona deta yogwira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni ya chingwe chilichonse.
Makina osungira mphamvu omwe anthu akufuna pakali pano ndi makina oyendetsera batire a BMS, inverter yolumikizidwa ndi gridi ya PV, ndi inverter yosungira mphamvu. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa izi za zida zosungira mphamvu kunyumba komanso kuphatikiza mawonekedwe otetezedwa a gawo lililonse la PV system, Huashengchang yatulutsa makina onse osungira mphamvu a PV kunyumba. Makina awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi ndi ma inverter osakanizidwa.
