Incamake y'ibitekerezo by'ingenzi biri inyuma y'amasoko y'ingufu za photovoltaic
Gutondekanya mu matsinda mu buryo buhamye
Hari ubwoko bubiri bwa sisitemu za photovoltaic: izikora zidahujwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi n'izikora.
1. Sisitemu yigenga ya PV izwi kandi nk'uburyo bwo kudakoresha amashanyarazi. Module y'ingufu z'izuba, moteri, na accumulator bigize ibice by'ingenzi bya sisitemu. Ugomba gushyiraho converter ya AC kugira ngo ukoreshe imbaraga zikoresha umuriro usimburana (AC). Inganda zikora amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi zigizwe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'amashanyarazi yigenga, nk'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba yo mu rugo, amashanyarazi akomoka mu cyaro, na sisitemu z'amashanyarazi akomoka kuri fotovoltaic zifite bateri zo kubika. Izi sisitemu zishobora gukora ubwazo kandi zikoreshwa mu bintu byinshi, nko gukoresha ibimenyetso byo gukoraho, kurinda cathode, no gucana imihanda hakoreshejwe ingufu z'izuba.
2. Uburyo bw'ingufu zikoreshwa kuri grid buhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa n'imirasire y'izuba zikajya mu ngufu zisimburana zikorana n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'umujyi. Ibi bituma zihuzwa neza n'umuyoboro rusange. Izi ngufu zishobora kwitwa "zihujwe n'umuyoboro", kandi zishobora kuba zifite batiri cyangwa zidafite. Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ihujwe n'umuyoboro kandi ifite accumulators ishobora gushyirwaho byoroshye kugira ngo ihuzwe cyangwa ivanwe kuri grid uko bikenewe. Sisitemu za PV zihujwe n'umuyoboro w'ingufu ku mazu akenshi ziba zifite accumulators. Sisitemu nini, ku rundi ruhande, akenshi ziba zifite sisitemu za PV zihujwe n'umuyoboro w'ingufu zidafite accumulators, zidashobora gutegurwa kandi zidafite ingufu zo kuzisubiza inyuma. Inganda nini z'amashanyarazi zihujwe n'umuyoboro w'ingufu z'izuba zikoreshwa mu gukora ingufu z'izuba zihujwe n'umuyoboro w'ingufu. Ingufu ziva muri izi nganda zijya mu ngo no mu bucuruzi binyuze muri grid. Gushyira amafaranga muri ubu bwoko bw'ingufu biratwara amafaranga menshi, bifata igihe kirekire kubaka, bifata umwanya munini, kandi nta ntambwe nyinshi zagezweho vuba aha. Inyinshi muri PV zihujwe n’urukuta ni PV nto zihujwe n’urukuta, kimwe n’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zubatswe mu nyubako. Ibi biterwa nuko bisaba amafaranga make kugira ngo hubakwe, bishobora gukorwa vuba, nta ngaruka nyinshi bitera, kandi bishyigikiwe cyane na politiki.
Ibice by'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga
Sisitemu y'ingufu za photovoltaic igizwe n'ingufu zikoresha imirasire y'izuba, bateri yo kubikamo, imashini igenzura gusharija no gusohora umuriro, inverter, agasanduku k'amashanyarazi gakwirakwiza amashanyarazi, sisitemu yo kugenzura imirasire y'izuba, n'ibindi bice by'ingenzi.
Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikora muri ubu buryo:
Igikoresho gitanga ingufu z'izuba
Umucyo, nk'uturuka ku zuba cyangwa ahandi hantu haturuka urumuri, utuma ingirabuzimafatizo zibona ingufu zigatanga umuriro udasanzwe ku mpande zombi. Izina ryabyo ni "voltage ikomoka ku ifoto." Abantu benshi bita iyi effect ingaruka y'amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo urumuri ruhinduke amashanyarazi, imbaraga zikoresha amashanyarazi zigomba kuba ziri hagati y'impande ebyiri z'ingirabuzimafatizo y'izuba. Izina ry'iyi effect ni ingaruka z'izuba. Biroroshye guhindura ingufu mu kindi kintu hifashishijwe ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba. Ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba zigizwe n'ubwoko butatu butandukanye bw'ingirabuzimafatizo za silicon: ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba za silicon zidafite isura, ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba za silicon zigizwe na mono-crystalline, n'ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba za silicon zidafite isura.
Bateri ibika ingufu
Iyo uturemangingo tw’izuba dufunguye, igikoresho gishobora kubika ingufu gikora kikazohereza ku mutwaro igihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy’umunsi. Kugira ngo uturemangingo tw’izuba dukore ingufu, tugomba kuba duhendutse, tumara igihe kirekire, dufata amazi menshi neza, dushyushya vuba, kandi tudakenera gusana cyane cyangwa se tudafite ikibazo. Tugomba kandi kuba dushobora gukora mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
Ibipimo byo gushyushya no gusohora amafaranga
Nta bufasha utanze, iki gikoresho gishobora kurinda bateri gusharija cyangwa ngo zisohoke vuba cyane. Inshuro bateri isohoka n'uburemere bwayo bigena igihe izamara. Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa cyane kugira icyuma gipima gusharija no gukuraho umuriro gishobora gutuma bateri idakoresha imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa nkeya.
AC ni ikinyuranyo cya DC, kandi moteri ihindura DC muri AC
Ikintu gihindura umuriro utaziguye mu muriro usimburana. Umutwaro ni AC, ariko uturemangingo tw’izuba na batiri ni DC, bityo hagomba kubaho switch. Hashingiwe ku buryo bikora, inverter ishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda abiri: inverter y’izuba ikora yonyine n’indi ihujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Niba ukoresha uturemangingo tw’izuba gusa mu gukora amashanyarazi, ushobora gukoresha umuriro utandukanye ukoresheje moteri yigenga. Transformer y’izuba ihujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi niyo ituma sisitemu y’izuba ikorana n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Inverter ziza mu bwoko bubiri butandukanye: inverter za sine wave na inverter za kare. Biroroshye kandi bihendutse gukora circuit ya kare-wave converter, ariko ifite igice kinini cya harmonic. Harmonic ikenera watts magana make cyangwa munsi yayo nibyo isanzwe ikoreshwa. Inverter za sine wave zirahenze, ariko zishobora gukoresha imirimo myinshi itandukanye.
Igikoresho kigenzura uburyo imirasire y'izuba ikurikirana
Inguni y'urumuri rw'izuba irahinduka umwaka wose uko izuba riva rikarenga mu mpeshyi, mu mpeshyi, mu gihe cy'izuba, no mu gihe cy'itumba. Ibi biterwa nuko sisitemu ziba ziri ahantu hazwi. Kugira ngo zikore neza, uturemangingo tw'izuba tugomba guhora duhanganye n'izuba. Ubu, igikoresho gikurikirana izuba kigomba gukoresha longitude na latitude kugira ngo kimenye inguni izuba riri mu bihe bitandukanye by'umwaka. n'ibindi, PLC, microcontroller, cyangwa porogaramu ya mudasobwa bizagumana aho izuba riherereye mu bihe byose by'umwaka. Ibi bikorwa hakorwa kubara aho izuba riherereye kugira ngo hagerwe ku gukurikirana. Inyigisho y'amakuru ya mudasobwa irakoreshwa, kandi ikeneye amakuru y'ubugari n'ubugari bw'isi hamwe n'imiterere yayo. Iyo imaze gushyirwaho, ntabwo byoroshye kuyimura cyangwa kuyigabanya; amakuru n'ibipimo bigomba gusubizwaho buri gihe. Amahame, imikorere, ikoranabuhanga, n'ibikoresho biragoye, kandi abantu batari abanyamwuga ntibashobora kubihindura byoroshye. Imashini zikurikirana imirasire y'izuba zishobora gushyirwa ku modoka zihuta na gari ya moshi, ndetse n'amato, abasirikare bo mu mazi, imodoka zidasanzwe z'itumanaho, n'imodoka zidasanzwe z'intambara. Imashini ikoresha ubuhanga mu gukurikirana izuba ishobora kwemeza ko sisitemu iguma ku murongo wayo n'izuba aho rijya hose cyangwa uko rizunguruka.
Icyo wakora ukoresheje ingufu z'izuba
Ingaruka za photovoltaic zo gukorana kwa semiconductor ni zo zikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic (PV). Ihindura urumuri mu mashanyarazi. Akaremangingo k'izuba ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Modules z'izuba zo mu gace kanini zishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe gushyiramo uturemangingo tw'izuba mu murongo no kuzirinda. Izi modules zishobora gushyirwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bigenzura amashanyarazi n'ibindi bice kugira ngo bikore igikoresho gitanga amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic. PV ni nziza kuko ishobora gukoreshwa ahantu henshi kubera ko izuba rirasira hose. Izindi nyungu za sisitemu ya PV ni uko ari nziza kandi yizewe, ntikora urusaku cyangwa ngo ihumanya ikirere, ntikoresha lisansi, kandi insinga zishobora gushyirwa aho hantu, ibyo bikaba byihutisha imirimo yo kubaka. Ingufu za photovoltaic zikoresha uturemangingo tw'izuba kugira ngo zihindure izuba mu buryo butaziguye amashanyarazi, hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy'ingaruka za photovoltaic. Sisitemu y'ingufu za photovoltaic igizwe ahanini n'ibice by'izuba (byitwa kandi modules), ibikoresho bigenzura, na inverters. Ishobora gukoreshwa ubwayo cyangwa igahuzwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Kubera ko ibyinshi muri ibi bice ari amashanyarazi atari imashini, ibikoresho bya PV byakozwe neza cyane, byizewe, biraramba, kandi byoroshye gushyiraho no gukomeza. Ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic rishobora gukoreshwa mu kintu icyo ari cyo cyose, kuva ku gukoresha ibyogajuru kugeza ku mazu, kuva ku mikino kugeza ku nganda zitanga ingufu za megawati, n'ibindi byinshi.
Uturemangingo tw’izuba, tuza mu turemangingo nka siliconi imwe-crystalline, siliconi ya poly-crystalline, siliconi idafite aho ihuriye n’uturemangingo tw’izuba, n’uturemangingo tw’izuba duto, ni byo bice by’ibanze bya photovoltaic y’izuba. Kuri ubu, bateri za crystal imwe na poly-crystal nizo bateri zidafite aho ihuriye n’uturemangingo duto n’imbaraga zo kubika amakuru kuri mudasobwa.
