Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic y'izuba

Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga n’inganda, ikiguzi cy’ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic (PV) gikomeje kugabanuka, bikaba ari isoko y’ingufu z’ingenzi mu iterambere rirambye mu gihe kizaza.

Ibice by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic
Igice cy'ingenzi cy'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutanga ingufu za PV ni selile ya PV y'izuba. Iterambere ry'uturemangingo twa PV tw'izuba rishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitatu. Igisata cya mbere kigizwe n'uturemangingo tw'izuba dushingiye kuri silikoni; igisata cya kabiri kigizwe n'uturemangingo tw'izuba duto; naho igisata cya gatatu kigizwe n'ikoranabuhanga rishya nka selile za photovoltaic nyinshi (HCPV), selile z'izuba zisanzwe, selile z'izuba zihinduka, n'uturemangingo tw'izuba twifashishijwe irangi. Muri iki gihe, selile z'izuba zishingiye kuri silikoni nizo ziganje ku isoko, mu gihe selile za PV zito zigenda ziyongera isoko buhoro buhoro. Inyinshi mu selile z'igisata cya gatatu, usibye HCPV, ziracyari mu cyiciro cy'ubushakashatsi.

Uturemangingo tw'izuba dushingiye kuri silicon

Mu turemangingo tw’izuba dushingiye kuri silikoni, ikoranabuhanga rya silikoni rya monocrystalline ni ryo rikuze cyane. Imikorere myiza n’igiciro cy’utu turemangingo bishingira ahanini ku buryo dukora, burimo intambwe nko gukata ingot, gukata wafer, gukwirakwiza, gushushanya, gucapa ecran, no gusya. Uturemangingo tw’izuba twakozwe muri ubu buryo busanzwe dukunze kugira ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi bwa 16-18%.

Uturemangingo tw’izuba twa silikoni imwe rukumbi dufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu ariko kandi ni natwo duhenze cyane. Uturemangingo tw’izuba twa silikoni imwe rukumbi dutanga igabanyirizwa ryiza ry’ikiguzi binyuze mu gukora utudomo twa silikoni tunini twa kare dukoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi. Ubu buryo bworoshye, buzigama ingufu, buzigama ibikoresho bya silikoni, kandi busaba ko ibikoresho biba bike.

Kugabanya ikiguzi cy'uturemangingo tw'izuba bishobora kugerwaho binyuze mu ngamba ebyiri z'ingenzi: kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho (urugero: kugabanya ubunini bwa silicon wafer) no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhindura. Uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi burimo kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri (urugero: gushushanya ku buso, gusiga irangi rirwanya urumuri, kugabanya ubugari bwa electrode y'imbere), kugabanya gusubiranamo kw'ibikoresho bikomoka ku zuba (urugero: gukwirakwiza imirasire y'izuba), no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imirasire y'izuba (urugero: gukoresha imiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba, ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gice cy'inyuma cy'ubutaka).

Ubushobozi bwo guhindura imirasire y'izuba bwa monocrystalline silicon ni 24.7%, bwagezweho na PERL structure solar cell yo muri Kaminuza ya New South Wales. Ibintu by'ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga birimo kuba phosphorus doping iri hasi ku buso bwa silicon kugira ngo bigabanye gusubiranamo kw'ubuso, gukwirakwira cyane munsi y'amashanyarazi y'imbere n'inyuma kugira ngo habeho ohmic contacts nziza, no gukoresha photolithography kugira ngo hagabanuke electrodes y'imbere, byongere agace k'urumuri. Ariko, iri koranabuhanga ntirirashyirwa mu nganda.

Izindi nzira zo kunoza imikorere zirimo ikoranabuhanga rya BP Solar rikoresha uturemangingo tw’imiterere y’ubuso hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya EWT. Iya mbere igera ku musaruro wa 18.3% binyuze mu gukoresha laser, bigabanya ubugari bwa electrode z’imbere kandi byongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri. Iya nyuma igera ku musaruro wa 21.3% binyuze mu kuzana electrode z’imbere inyuma, bikongera agace gafata urumuri.

Uturemangingo tw'izuba tw'udupira duto

Nubwo uturemangingo tw’izuba twa silikoni twitwa crystalline twiganje kubera ubushobozi bwatwo bwo hejuru, kugabanya ikiguzi cyatwo cyane biragoye bitewe n’igiciro kiri hejuru cy’ibikoresho bya silikoni. Uturemangingo tw’izuba twitwa thin-film, dukoresha ibikoresho bike, twagaragaye nk’ubundi buryo buhendutse. Ubwoko bw’ingenzi bw’uturemangingo tw’izuba twitwa thin-film burimo uturemangingo tw’ibumba twitwa silicon, uturemangingo twa cadmium telluride (CdTe), n’uturemangingo tw’umuringa wa indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

Uturemangingo tw’urumuri dushingiye kuri silikoni dufite ubugari bwa mikorometero 2 gusa, dukoresheje hafi 1.5% by’ibikoresho bya silikoni bikenewe ku turemangingo twa silikoni twa kristu. Bitewe n’umubare w’uduce twa PN duhuriramo, utwo turemangingo dushobora kuba utwugarizo rumwe, utwugarizo tubiri, cyangwa utwugarizo twinshi, buri turemangingo tukaba dushobora kwakira imirasire y’izuba itandukanye. Ubushobozi bwo hejuru ku turemangingo tw’urumuri rumwe ni hafi 7%, mu gihe uturemangingo tw’urumuri tubiri dushobora kugera kuri 10%.

Uturemangingo twa CdTe dutanga imikorere myiza (kugeza kuri 12%) bitewe n’ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kwinjiza urumuri. Ariko, imiterere ya cadmium itera kanseri hamwe n’ubushobozi buke bw’uturemangingo karemano twa tellurium bitera imbogamizi mu iterambere ry’igihe kirekire.

Uturemangingo twa CIGS dufatwa nk'ejo hazaza h'ikoranabuhanga rya thin-film rikora neza cyane. Mu guhindura uburyo bwo gukora, uburyo bwo kwinjiza urumuri bushobora kunozwa, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza yo guhindura. Kuri ubu, imikorere myiza ya laboratwari igera kuri 20.1%, mu gihe ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi bigera kuri 13-14%, bigatuma biba byiza cyane mu turemangingo twa thin-film.

Utunyangingo tw'Abana ba Gatatu

Mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, ingirabuzimafatizo zo mu gisekuru cya gatatu zishobora kugera ku buhanga bwo guhindura ibintu. Uretse HCPV, inyinshi muri zo ziracyari mu cyiciro cy'ubushakashatsi. Ingirabuzimafatizo za HCPV zikoresha ibikoresho bya semiconductor bya III-V, bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigakomeza gukora neza mu gihe cy'urumuri rwinshi. Imiterere y'amahuriro menshi ituma izi ngirabuzimafatizo zihura neza na spectrum y'izuba, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gutekereza kugeza kuri 68%. Umusaruro w'ubucuruzi ushobora kugera ku buhanga buri hejuru ya 40%.

Uturemangingo tw’izuba dushyirwa mu tunyangingo, kandi ikoreshwa ryatwo rishingiye ku miterere yatwo n’ibyo dukeneye ku isoko. Ikoreshwa rya mbere ryarimo sitasiyo z’itumanaho na satelite, nyuma rigakwirakwira mu duce tw’abaturage nko ku bisenge by’izuba. Muri ibi bihe, ahantu hake ho gushyiramo no gukenera ingufu nyinshi byakunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa crystalline modules. Hamwe n’iterambere ry’inganda nini zikoresha ingufu z’izuba na photovoltaics zihujwe n’inyubako (BIPV), ibiciro byagiye bigabanuka byatumye ikoreshwa ry’utunyangingo tw’izuba rigabanuka. Ibidukikije n’ikirere nabyo bigira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye.

Imikoreshereze y'ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic y'izuba

Guhindura imirasire y'izuba mo amashanyarazi akoreshwa bisaba sisitemu yuzuye ya PV y'izuba. Uturemangingo twa PV y'izuba ni two shingiro ry'iyi sisitemu, irimo kandi inverters, bateri, sisitemu zo gukurikirana, na sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza.

Gushyira mu byiciro sisitemu ya PV n'imiterere yayo

Sisitemu za PV zikoresha imirasire y'izuba zishyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye cyangwa zifatanye n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Sisitemu zikoresha imirasire y'izuba zishobora kuba zihariye cyangwa zivanze.

Sisitemu zigenga zikunze gukoreshwa mu turere twa kure, sitasiyo z'itumanaho, n'amatara yo ku mihanda akoresha imirasire y'izuba, zishingiye gusa ku ngufu z'izuba. Zirimo modules z'izuba, inverters, controllers, bateri, sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza, no kurinda inkuba. Bateri na controllers bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kiguzi cya sisitemu no ku gihe cyayo. Sisitemu zivanze zihuza ingufu z'izuba n'izindi soko nka moteri za mazutu cyangwa turbine z'umuyaga.

Sisitemu zihambiriye imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, zikunze gukoreshwa ku bisenge by'izuba no ku nganda nini zikoresha amashanyarazi ya PV, ntizikenera ibikoresho byo kubika, bityo bigabanyiriza ikiguzi. Izi sisitemu zirimo modules z'izuba, inverters, sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza, kurinda inkuba, na sisitemu zo gukurikirana. Kuri ubu, sisitemu zihambiriye imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi zigize 80% by'ikoreshwa ryose ry'izuba.

Izindi Tekinoloji zo Gutanga Ingufu za PV

Uretse ikoranabuhanga rya selile za PV zikoresha imirasire y'izuba, ikoranabuhanga rya inverter, guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, kubika no gukurikirana mu buryo bw'ubwenge ni ingenzi cyane kuri sisitemu zo gutanga ingufu za PV:

Ingufu zisohoka mu turemangingo tw’izuba ziratandukana bitewe n’ubukana bw’imirasire y’izuba, bigatuma habaho igihe gito. Guhuza imiyoboro minini bishobora kugira ingaruka ku miyoboro, bigatuma kugenzura imiyoboro no kurinda ibirwa ari ngombwa.
Umusaruro w'izuba ni umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utaziguye (DC), bisaba guhindura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresheje inverters (AC) mu buryo bwiza cyane.
Ingufu zisohoka muri module zishobora guterwa n'ibintu nk'ubushyuhe n'igicucu, bikaba ngombwa ko sisitemu igenzura n'uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura kure ni ingenzi ku nganda z'amashanyarazi za PV mu turere twa kure.
Ubushinwa ni bwo bwa mbere mu gukora module z'izuba mu rwego rw'ubwiza n'ubunini. Inzego zikora inyungu nyinshi mu ruhererekane rw'inganda zirimo gutunganya silikoni, inverters, sisitemu zo kugenzura, n'inganda zikora ibikoresho bya PV. Kugera ku ntambwe muri izi nzego z'ingenzi ni imbogamizi ku nganda za PV zo mu Bushinwa.

Uko ibintu bimeze ubu n'ibyitezwe mu gihe kizaza ku ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ya PV akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba