Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu rugo bwarushijeho kuba bwinshi mu myaka mike ishize. Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zishobora guhabwa umuryango umunsi cyangwa nijoro, kandi iyo ukoresheje ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ntugomba guhangayikishwa n'ibiciro by'ingufu biri ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ibi bigufasha kuzigama amafaranga ku fagitire y'amashanyarazi kandi bigatuma buri wese agira ubuzima bwiza.
Ku manywa, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo ikusanya ingufu z'izuba ikazibika mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo zikoreshwe n'umuzigo nijoro. Iyo umuriro ubuze mu buryo butunguranye, sisitemu ishobora guhita ihindura isoko ry'amashanyarazi kugira ngo irebe ko amatara yose, ibikoresho, n'ibindi bikoresho bihora bikora uko bikwiye. Bateri iri muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu mu rugo ishobora kwishyuzwa yonyine iyo umuriro udakoreshwa. Muri ubwo buryo, ishobora gukoreshwa iyo umuriro ubuze cyangwa iyo umuriro ukeneye cyane. Igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu mu rugo gishobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko ry'amashanyarazi ryihariye mu gihe cy'ibiza. Ishobora kandi kuringaniza umutwaro w'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, ibi bikaba bizigama amafaranga y'umuryango ku fagitire z'amashanyarazi. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo ikora nk'aho ari sitasiyo nto y'amashanyarazi kandi ntigira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu mijyi.
Ikibazo ku banyamwuga?
Ni ibihe bice by'ingenzi bifite sisitemu ikomeye yo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo, kandi biterwa n'iki kugira ngo ikore? Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibisubizo byo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo? Kuki ari ngombwa guhitamo sisitemu ikwiye yo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo?
"Amasegonda" y'ubumenyi bwa CEM
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo ni iki?
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic mu rugo igizwe na sisitemu yo guhindura ingufu za photovoltaic zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu. Ishobora kubika amashanyarazi aturuka ku zuba. Muri ubwo buryo, abantu bashobora gukora amashanyarazi ku manywa bakabika andi yo gukoresha nijoro cyangwa mu gihe nta rumuri rwinshi ruhari.
Gushyira mu matsinda sisitemu zo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo
Kuri ubu, hari ubwoko bubiri bw'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu rugo: ubwo mu rugo bufatanye n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ubwo mu rugo budafite aho buhuriye.
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu rugo bukoresha grid
Ibyuma bikoresha imirasire y'izuba, inverters zikoresha grid, sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS), n'ibikoresho bya AC bigize ibice bitanu by'ingenzi. Ibyuma bikoresha PV na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu bikorana kugira ngo bishyire ingufu kuri igikoresho. Iyo umuriro w'amashanyarazi urimo gukoreshwa, sisitemu ikoresha PV n'amashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi. Iyo umuriro w'amashanyarazi ugiye kuzima, sisitemu ikoresha PV n'amashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi. Hari uburyo butatu sisitemu yo kubika ingufu mu rugo ikoresha grid ishobora gukora: Uburyo bwa 1: PV ikora ingufu kandi ikohereza ingufu z'inyongera kuri interineti; Uburyo bwa 2: PV ikora ingufu kandi igafasha umukoresha mu byo akeneye bimwe mu byo akeneye ku mashanyarazi; na Uburyo bwa 3: PV ikora gusa zimwe muri izo ngufu.
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu rugo butari mu buryo bukoreshwa n'amashanyarazi
Inverter ya PV ishobora gukora kuko itandukanye n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi kandi ntabwo ikeneye guhuzwa na wo. Ibi bivuze ko sisitemu yose idakeneye converter ihujwe na grid. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu mu rugo idafite grid ifite uburyo butatu butandukanye bwo gukora. Muri mode ya 1, PV itanga ububiko bw'ingufu n'amashanyarazi ku minsi y'izuba. Muri mode ya 2, PV na bateri yo kubika itanga amashanyarazi ku minsi y'ibicu. Naho muri mode ya 3, bateri yo kubika itanga amashanyarazi ku minsi y'umwijima n'imvura.
Inverter ni nk'ubwonko n'umutima bya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu mu rugo. Ntibishobora gutandukana na sisitemu, uko byaba bifatanye n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa bitaba bifitanye isano.
Hari ijambo ribisobanura?
Inverter ni igice gisanzwe cy’ingufu. Ishobora guhindura ingufu za DC (kuva kuri bateri cyangwa bateri zibitse) ikajya muri AC (220v50HZ sine cyangwa wave kare). Mu magambo make, inverter ni imashini ihindura amashanyarazi agororotse (DC) ikajya muri alternating current (AC). Hari ikiraro cy’ihindura, logic yo kugenzura, na filter circuit muri yo. Diode za Rectifier na thyristors ni ibice bibiri bihuriweho. Mudasobwa nyinshi n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo bifite rectifiers (DC kugeza kuri AC) zubatswe mu bikoresho byazo by’amashanyarazi. Ibi byitwa inverters.
Ni iki gituma transfoma ziba igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu?
Ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi rikora neza kurusha ihererekanya rya DC kandi rikoreshwa mu kohereza ingufu ahantu henshi. Ushobora kumenya imbaraga zingana zitakaza bitewe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresheje ikigereranyo P=I2R, gisobanura "ingufu = kare y'ubudahangarwa bw'amashanyarazi." Kugira ngo ugabanye igihombo cy'ingufu, ugomba kugabanya umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresheje ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi cyangwa ubudahangarwa bwawo. Biragoye kugabanya ubudahangarwa bw'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi (nk'insinga z'umuringa) kuko bisaba amafaranga menshi kandi bisaba ubumenyi bwinshi bwa siyansi. Ibi bivuze ko uburyo bwonyine bwiza ari ukugabanya imbaraga zitangwa. Ingufu = Umuyoboro x Umuyoboro, cyangwa by'umwihariko, imbaraga zitangwa = IUcosφ. Kugira ngo uzigame ingufu, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mu miyoboro ushobora kugabanuka ukoresheje guhindura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ujya mu wundi muyoboro w'amashanyarazi no kuzamura ingufu z'amashanyarazi.
Muri ubwo buryo, gukora ingufu za photovoltaic zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bikoresha paneli za photovoltaic kugira ngo bikore ingufu za DC. Ariko, imizigo myinshi ikenera ingufu za AC. Hari ibibazo bimwe na bimwe kuri sisitemu z'ingufu za DC. Ntibyoroshye guhindura voltage, kandi imizigo ishobora gukoreshwa iragabanijwe. Imitwaro yose, uretse imizigo imwe n'imwe y'ingufu, igomba gukoresha inverters kugira ngo ihindure ingufu za DC zibe ingufu za AC. Ihindura voltage ya photovoltaic ni igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu y'ingufu za photovoltaic zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba. Ihindura ingufu za DC kuva kuri module ya photovoltaic module mo ingufu za AC, hanyuma yoherezwa kuri load cyangwa isoko y'ingufu kandi ikarinda amashanyarazi. Module z'ingufu, amabara y'igenzura, abakoresha circuit breakers, filters, reactors, transformers, contactors, cabinet, n'ibindi bice bigize PV inverter. Gutunganya ibice by'ingufu, guteranya imashini, igerageza, gupakira imashini, n'izindi ntambwe bigize inzira yo kuyikora. Iterambere ry'izi ntambwe rishingiye ku iterambere ryatewe mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu za elegitoroniki, ikoranabuhanga ry'ibikoresho bya semiconductor, n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kugenzura.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwa Inverters
Inverter ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu:
1. Inverter ihujwe n'urusobe rw'amazi
Uretse guhindura DC muri AC, inverter ihujwe na grid ishobora guhuza AC yayo isohoka n'umuvuduko n'icyiciro by'ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ibi bivuze ko AC isohoka ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu ngufu z'amashanyarazi. Mu yandi magambo, inverter ihujwe na grid ishobora guhuza umurongo w'amashanyarazi mu buryo buhuza. Iyi inverter ishobora kohereza ingufu zidakoreshwa kuri grid idafite bateri, kandi uruziga rwayo rw'amashanyarazi rushobora gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya MTTP.
2. Inverters zidakeneye guhuzwa n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi
Inverters zikoresha imirasire y'izuba, akenshi ziba zifatanye n'imirasire y'izuba, turbine nto z'umuyaga, cyangwa izindi ngufu za DC, zihindura ingufu za DC zikaba ingufu za AC urugo rushobora gukoresha. Zishobora kandi gukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba na batiri. Byitwa "off-grid" kuko idahuza n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi kandi ntikeneye isoko y'amashanyarazi yo hanze.
Inverters zikoresha umuriro utari ku ruziga ni sisitemu ya mbere ikoresha batiri ituma microgrids zikora mu bice runaka. Inverter ikoresha umuriro utari ku ruziga ishobora kubika ingufu no kuzihindura mu bundi buryo. Ifite inputs zikoreshwa ubu, inputs za DC, inputs zikoresha umuriro wihuse, inputs za DC zifite ubushobozi bwinshi, n'inputs za AC zikoresha umuriro wihuse. Ikoresha porogaramu yo kugenzura kugira ngo ihindure imiterere y'inputs n'isohoka kugira ngo amasoko nka za panels z'izuba cyangwa utwuma duto tw'umuyaga dukore neza uko bishoboka kose. Ikoresha kandi umuvuduko w'amazi wa sine kugira ngo inoze ireme ry'ingufu.
Inverter idakoresha amashanyarazi. Amabati arakenewe kuri sisitemu z'izuba zidakoresha amashanyarazi kuko zibika ingufu zishobora gukoreshwa iyo amashanyarazi abuze cyangwa iyo nta mashanyarazi ahari. Inverter zidakoresha amashanyarazi zigufasha kudakoresha amashanyarazi menshi, ibyo bikaba byatera amashanyarazi kubura, kuzimya umuriro, n'ibindi bibazo ibigo bidashobora gukemura.
Inverter idakoresha amashanyarazi y'izuba ifite uburyo bwo kugenzura imirasire y'izuba (solar charge controller) ifite kandi uburyo bwo kugenzura imirasire y'izuba bwa PWM cyangwa MPPT butuma umukoresha ahuza amashanyarazi ya PV n'ingufu z'izuba kandi akabona uko PV ihagaze ku ifoto ya inverter y'izuba igaragara. Ibi bituma byoroha gushyiraho no kugenzura sisitemu. Inverter zidakoresha amashanyarazi y'izuba muri moteri na bateri zirimo kwisuzuma kugira ngo zirebe ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihamye kandi zuzuye. Nubwo izikoresha amashanyarazi make zikoreshwa mu gutanga umuriro mu bikoresho byo mu rugo, izikoresha amashanyarazi menshi zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutanga umuriro mu bucuruzi no mu mishinga y'abikorera ku giti cyabo.
3. Inverter y'ubwoko bwa Hybrid
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bwa hybrid inverters: bumwe ni inverter idakoresha amashanyarazi ifite icyuma gipima imirasire y'izuba cyubatswemo, ubundi ni inverter ikoresha amashanyarazi n'ikoresha amashanyarazi asanzwe ishobora gukoreshwa haba kuri sisitemu ya photovoltaic ihujwe na grid na off-grid kandi bateri zayo zishobora gushyirwaho mu buryo butandukanye.
Icyo transformateur ikora muri rusange
1. Imikorere yo gukoresha no kuzimya porogaramu mu buryo bwikora
Uko umunsi ugenda ushira kandi inguni y'izuba ikazamuka buhoro buhoro, ni nako imbaraga z'imirasire y'izuba ziyongera. Sisitemu ya PV ishobora gufata ingufu nyinshi z'izuba, kandi iyo igeze ku rwego rw'ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo inverter ikore, ishobora gutangira gukora ubwayo. Izahagarika gukora ijya mu buryo bwo gusinzira iyo umusaruro wa inverter ihujwe na grid/storage ari 0 cyangwa hafi cyane ya 0. Ibi bibaho iyo ingufu za sisitemu ya PV zigabanutse.
2. Imikorere y'ingaruka zo kurwanya ibirwa
Uburyo bwo gukora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic ahujwe n’urukuta, uburyo bwo gukora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic, n’imikorere ya grid ya system y’amashanyarazi. Iyo grid ya rubanda igabanutse cyangwa igakora mu buryo butangaje, ingaruka zo kwibera mu kirwa ziba iyo sisitemu yo gukora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic idashobora guhagarika gukora igihe cyangwa igahagarika amashanyarazi ariko igakomeza kugira ingufu. Ni bibi kuri sisitemu ya PV ndetse n’isoko ry’amashanyarazi iyo hari ibirwa by’amashanyarazi.
Inverter ikoresha grid/energy storage ifite circuit yo kurinda imbere irwanya ikirwa ishobora kumenya grid mu buryo bw'ubwenge mu gihe nyacyo kandi ikubiyemo voltage, frequency, n'andi makuru. Iyo hagaragaye ibitagenda neza mu grid rusange, inverter ishobora gukoresha agaciro gatandukanye gapimwe mu gihe gikwiye kugira ngo ihagarike umuriro, ihagarike umusaruro, kandi itange raporo ku makosa.
3. Uburyo bwo kugenzura kugira ngo ukurikirane ingufu ntarengwa
Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rya inverter ikoresha grid cyangwa ububiko ni imikorere yayo yo kugenzura ingufu nyinshi (MPPT). Iyi imikorere ituma inverter ibona kandi ikareba imbaraga nyinshi zisohoka mu bice byayo mu gihe nyacyo.
Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora guhindura imbaraga zo gusohora za sisitemu ya PV, kandi si ko buri gihe bishoboka kuyigumana ku mbaraga nziza zo gusohora.
Umushinga wa MPPT wa inverter ihujwe na grid/ububiko ushobora gukurikirana ingufu nyinshi za buri gice mu gihe nyacyo. Hanyuma ushobora guhindura neza voltage y'aho imikorere ya sisitemu (cyangwa umuriro) kugira ngo yegereze aho amashanyarazi ahagaze, ibyo bikazafasha cyane ingufu zitangwa na sisitemu ya PV kandi bitume ikora neza kandi ihoraho.
4. Uburyo bw'ubwenge bwo gukurikirana imigozi
Hashingiwe ku gushakisha kwa mbere kwa MPPT, inverter ihujwe na grid/energy storage yamaze kurangiza akazi ko gushakisha imigozi y'ubwenge. Gushakisha imigozi bigenzura neza voltage n'amashanyarazi kuri buri mugozi w'ishami, bitandukanye no gushakisha MPPT. Ibi bituma umukoresha abona amakuru y'imikorere ya buri mugozi mu gihe nyacyo.
Sisitemu zo kubika ingufu abantu bifuza muri iki gihe ni sisitemu yo gucunga bateri za BMS, inverter ihujwe na PV grid, na inverter ihuzwa n'amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo habeho ibyo bikenewe ku bikoresho byo kubika ingufu mu rugo no guhuza imiterere y'umutekano wa buri gice cy'urusobe rw'ibikoresho bya PV, Huashengchang yashyize ahagaragara uburyo bwose bwo kubika ingufu za PV mu rugo. Izi sisitemu zigizwe ahanini na inverter zihujwe na grid na inverter zivanze.
