Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic ntabwo ari bumwe n’uburyo bwo gukora ingufu zihujwe n’urukuta, kugira ngo hongerwe batiri, ndetse n’ibikoresho byo gusharija no gusohora batiri, nubwo ikiguzi cyo gutangira cyongerwaho 20-40%, ariko uburyo bwo gukoresha ni bwinshi cyane. Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic zihujwe n’uburyo bwo gukora ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zihujwe n’urukuta n’ubwoko butandukanye bwa sisitemu nto y’amashanyarazi ivanze n’ibindi.
Sisitemu yo kubyaza amashanyarazi ikoresha photovoltaic hanze ya grid
Sisitemu yo gukora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic hanze ya grid (Off-Grid Photovoltaic Power Generation), uturemangingo tw’izuba uretse kuba twashyizwe muri calculator, gukoresha neza isaha y’ikoranabuhanga, hamwe n’icyuma gikoresha imirasire y’izuba, igikoresho cyoroshye cyo gusharija, bateri iri ku buryo bworoshye bwo gukora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic, igikoresho nk’icyo gikunze gukoreshwa n’abashumba mu gutwara amashanyarazi ya radiyo n’amatara ya nimugoroba. Ubu hariho kandi n’ingufu z’izuba zigendanwa.
Sisitemu zo kubika ingufu zikoresha grid n'izidakoresha grid
Sisitemu ya photovoltaic hakurikijwe ikoreshwa nyaryo ry’uburyo butandukanye, ubwo na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu hanze ya grid irangwa no gutanga ingufu zihujwe na grid, ariko kandi no kubika ingufu, ariko kandi no gukora hanze ya grid ku giti cyayo, mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’ubucuruzi, kubera ubushobozi buke bwa sisitemu ya transformer photovoltaic itangwa n’amashanyarazi ntiyemerewe kujya kugurisha amashanyarazi kuri interineti, ariko nanone igomba kuba idakora neza ku miyoboro y’amashanyarazi yo mu karere, kandi hari n’uturere twa interineti igiciro cyayo gihendutse cyane ibiciro by’amashanyarazi akoreshwa rimwe biri hejuru, itandukaniro ry’igiciro cy’ingufu n’ikibaya ni rinini, ishyirwaho ry’inganda z’amashanyarazi za photovoltaic muri utwo duce Rikwiriye gukoreshwa sisitemu yo kubika ingufu iri hejuru na hanze ya grid.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic n'izidakoresha amashanyarazi ifite uburyo bune bw'ingenzi bwo kunguka:
1. Ukoresheje ingufu za photovoltaic ku mutwaro, ushobora gushyiraho igiciro cy'amashanyarazi asohoka neza, ukagabanya ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi.
2. Kwishyuza amafaranga mu gihe kitari icy'umuvuduko no kuyasohora mu gihe cy'umuvuduko, ukoresheje itandukaniro ry'ibiciro ku gihe cy'umuvuduko n'ikibaya kugira ngo ubone inyungu.
3. Ntishobora gushyirwaho kuri interineti, ishobora gushyirwaho kugira ngo idatuma inzira isubira inyuma. Ingufu za PV ziruta imbaraga zo gutwara, ingufu ntizishobora gukoreshwa kugeza ku bubiko bwa bateri.
4. Guhagarika amashanyarazi, sisitemu ihinduka ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritari kuri gridi. Sisitemu ya PV ikomeje gukora amashanyarazi, sisitemu ikomeje gukora nk'ingufu zo kwifashisha, ingufu za photovoltaic na bateri ku mutwaro unyuze muri inverter.
Ugereranyije na sisitemu yo gukora amashanyarazi ihujwe na grid, na sisitemu yo hanze ya grid yongera uburyo bwo gushyushya/gusohora umuriro na batiri, ikiguzi cya sisitemu cyiyongereyeho hafi 30%, ariko uburyo bwo kuyikoresha ni bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, ishobora gushyirwa ku ngufu zigenwe ku giciro cy’amashanyarazi kugira ngo igabanye fagitire y’amashanyarazi; icya kabiri, ishobora kwishyuzwa ku giciro cy’amashanyarazi hanyuma igasohoka ku giciro cy’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ibone amafaranga hakoreshejwe itandukaniro riri hagati y’igiciro cy’amashanyarazi n’igiciro cy’amashanyarazi; icya gatatu, iyo grid ibuze umuriro, sisitemu ya PV izakomeza gukora nk'isoko ry’amashanyarazi, kandi inverter ishobora guhindurwa muri off-grid mode, kandi PV na bateri bishobora koherezwa ku mutwaro binyuze muri inverter.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic ihujwe n'urukuta
Sisitemu zikora ingufu za photovoltaic zifite ububiko bw'ingufu buhujwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi zishobora kubika ingufu zirenze urugero, bikongera igipimo cyo kwikora no kwikoresha. Izi sisitemu zikoreshwa mu bihe aho kwikora no kwikoresha bya PV bidashobora gushyirwa kuri interineti, ibiciro by'amashanyarazi bihenze cyane kuruta igipimo cy'amazi, kandi ibiciro byo kwikoresha bihenze cyane kurusha ibiciro byo kwifashisha. Sisitemu igizwe n'urutonde rw'ingufu za photovoltaic rugizwe na modules za solar cells, controller y'izuba, battery bank, inverter ihujwe na grid, igikoresho cyo gutahura umuriro, umutwaro, n'ibindi bice. Igenzura ribika zimwe mu ngufu z'izuba kandi rikazigeza ku mutwaro iyo ingufu z'izuba zirenze imbaraga z'umutwaro. Sisitemu ikoreshwa n'uruvange rw'ingufu za grid n'izuba iyo ingufu z'izuba zidahagije kugira ngo zishyireho umutwaro. Nyuma yo guhagarika inkunga ya photovoltaic, sisitemu zihujwe na grid zishobora gushyirwaho mbere yo gushyiraho sisitemu z'izuba mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe no mu turere, bigatuma ingufu za photovoltaic zikora kandi zigakoreshwa zonyine. Igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu gihujwe n’urukuta gishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n’inverteri ziturutse mu nganda zitandukanye mu gihe gikomeza imiterere yacyo ya mbere. Iyo sensor y’amashanyarazi ibonye amazi yinjira mu rukuta, icyuma cyo kubika ingufu gihujwe n’urukuta kirakora, kibika amashanyarazi arenze muri bateri, kandi iyo bateri yuzuye, gikoresha icyuma gishyushya amazi gikoresha amashanyarazi. Bateri ishobora gushyirwaho kugira ngo yohereze amashanyarazi ku mutwaro binyuze muri inverteri iyo umutwaro wo mu rugo wiyongereye nijoro.
Sisitemu nto y'urukuta rwo kubika ingufu
Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rufite imirasire y'izuba, inverter ihujwe na grid, converter ya PCS, switch y'ubwenge, bateri, na moteri ikora, n'ibindi. Iyo hari urumuri, urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ruhindura ingufu z'izuba mo amashanyarazi. Hanyuma rukoresha inverter kugira ngo rushyire ingufu ku mutwaro, naho PCS ihindura ingufu ku mirasire y'izuba kugira ngo ishyire ingufu kuri bateri. Iyo nta rumuri ruhari, bateri ikoresha PCS ihindura ingufu ku mirasire y'izuba kugira ngo ishyire ingufu ku mutwaro. Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rufite imirasire y'izuba ni igisubizo cyiza cyane cyo kwemeza umutekano w'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi kuko rushobora gukoresha neza kandi neza isoko ry'ingufu zisukuye mu gihe rugabanya ibibazo by'ubushobozi buke, ingufu zidasanzwe zitanga, no kutizerwa guke kw'amashanyarazi yigenga. Imikorere myiza y'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ni ingirakamaro ku muyoboro munini w'amashanyarazi. Udukoresho duto dushobora gufasha cyane ubucuruzi busanzwe kuvugurura ubukungu no kurengera ibidukikije. Impuguke zivuga ko ikoreshwa rya micro grid ritandukanye kandi rishobora kuva kuri kilowati nke kugeza kuri megawati nyinshi. Udukoresho duto dushobora gukorerwa inyubako ntoya kugeza ku nganda nini, ibirombe, amasosiyete, ibitaro n'amashuri.
Mu mpera z'Ukwakira 2020, Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu cyemeje ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya "Itegeko ry'Uburyo Bunoze bwa Sisitemu y'Amashanyarazi ya PV", rishyira mu bikorwa ubwisanzure bw'igipimo cy'ubushobozi bwa sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic, hamwe n'igipimo cy'ubushobozi cya 1.
Amahirwe:Kohereza module za PV mu gihugu bizakomeza kwiyongera cyane mu gihe kirekire, mu gihe kohereza inverter na byo biziyongera. Gutanga amafaranga menshi mu buryo bukwiye bishobora gutuma LCOE igabanuka, kunoza IRR y'umushinga no kwihutisha guteza imbere ubusumbane.
Ikibazo:Kureka gutyaza no guhinduka kw'ubushobozi bwa inverter ikora amashanyarazi ya PV bwo kurenga urugero no gupima umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi.
Gushyiraho sisitemu ihamye yo kubika ingufu, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ikubiyemo uburyo bwinshi bwo guhuza ibikoresho, imikorere y'ibikoresho by'inganda iratandukanye, inkongi n'izindi mpanuka ni imbogamizi ikomeye igira ingaruka ku iterambere ry'ububiko bw'ingufu.
Sobanura aho isoko ryigenga rihagaze mu kubika ingufu, aho kubika ingufu bishobora guhuzwa n’amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic, ubushyuhe n’andi masoko y’ingufu muri rusange, kugira ngo bifatanye muri serivisi zo guhindura ubwinshi bw’amashanyarazi no guhindura inshuro, kandi binjize inyungu, ariko kandi nk’ikigo cyigenga cy’isoko.
Inkunga ya politiki zitandukanye kandi zihamye, inkunga ya politiki y’inganda mu kubika ingufu igomba guhuzwa no kwamamaza, mu gihe ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki zitandukanye z’inganda mu buryo butandukanye bwo kuzikoresha.
Iterambere ry'ingufu mu gihe kizaza cy'Ubushinwa rizanyura muri gahunda kuva kuri karuboni nyinshi kugera kuri karuboni nkeya kugeza kuri zeru, ingufu nshya mu rwego rw'amashanyarazi kuva ku gusimbuza buhoro buhoro zatangiye gusimbuza, kugira ngo harebwe uruhande rw'abakoresha ububiko bw'ingufu + ingufu nshya. Uruhande rw'ingufu mu bubiko bw'ingufu + uburinganire bushya bw'ingufu. Biteganijwe ko mu 2035, amasoko mashya y'ingufu nka photovoltaic azaba arenga 30% by'ingufu zivanze, bishyigikira iterambere ry'ingufu zikoreshwa hatabayeho kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Kuba uruganda rubika ingufu rwashyizwe mu rugero rwo kohereza ingufu cyangwa gukwirakwiza ingufu, byaba bifite aho ishami rikorera ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, cyangwa se kuba uruganda rubika ingufu rwigenga, ahanini bituruka ku nyungu z'isoko ry'amashanyarazi, uburyo butandukanye bwo kugurisha.
Ingufu nshya zerekeza ku cyerekezo cyo kubika ingufu zikomoka ku ngufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, mu buryo bwo kubika umuyaga n'izuba buhoro buhoro hirya no hino ku isi kugira ngo hatangwe imyigaragambyo. Kubika ingufu bishyigikira photovoltaic, ingufu z'umuyaga kugira ngo bizane ingaruka z'ubukungu zo gukomeza gutuza, kugenzura umuyaga n'urumuri, nibindi, byazanye iterambere ryiza.
