Ubushobozi bwa photovoltaic bujyanye n'urukuta rw'amashanyarazi bwagutse hamwe n'ingaruka zarwo ku rukuta byateye imbere mu iterambere ry'ububiko bw'ingufu.
Ububiko bw'ingufu za photovoltaic butandukanye n'ingufu zikoreshwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi kuko bukoresha bateri mu kubika no mu bikoresho byo gusharija no gusohora bateri; ishoramari rya mbere rizaba rinini, ariko urwego rw'ikoreshwa rushobora kuba rwagutse cyane. Muri iyi nkuru, turagaragaza uburyo bune bwo kubika ingufu bwa PV + bujyanye n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha: uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bwa PV kuri grid, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bwa PV hanze ya grid, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bwa hybrid-grid, n'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bwa PV micro-grid.
1. Imiterere y'ibikorwa byo kubika ingufu za PV hanze y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic no kuzibyaza amashanyarazi buriyongera gukoreshwa mu turere tw’imisozi miremire, mu turere tudakoresha ingufu, mu birwa, mu duce tw’itumanaho, no mu matara yo ku mihanda, hamwe n’ahandi hantu bashobora gukora mu buryo bwabo bwite batishingikirije ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi.
Sisitemu igizwe na PV, inverter ya PV, ububiko bwa batiri, n'umutwaro w'amashanyarazi. Iyo hari urumuri, fotovoltaic ihindura ingufu z'izuba mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi kandi icyarimwe igatanga ingufu ku mutwaro binyuze mu mashini ihuza inverse control hanyuma igashyira umuriro muri batiri; iyo nta rumuri ruhari, batiri ikoresha AC binyuze muri inverter.
Sisitemu zo gukora amashanyarazi akoresha photovoltaic hanze y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi zigenewe gukoreshwa mu turere tudafite imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi cyangwa duhura n’ibura ry’amashanyarazi kenshi. Izi sisitemu zikora mu buryo bwo "kubika no gukoresha" cyangwa "kubika mbere hanyuma ugakoresha", bisa n'uburyo amakara yoherezwa mu rubura." "Urubura ruri mu makara" Mu turere tudafite umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi cyangwa ahantu hakunze kuzimya umuriro w’amashanyarazi bigira ingaruka ku miryango, sisitemu zo gukoresha amashanyarazi akoresha ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ni ingirakamaro cyane.
2. Imiterere y'ibikorwa byo kubika ingufu za PV hybrid-grid
Sisitemu zo kubika ingufu za PV hybrid-grid zikunze gukoreshwa mu gihe habayeho ihungabana ry’amashanyarazi kenshi. Ibiciro byo kwiyishyurira byinshi birinda ko interineti ikoreshwa cyane; ibiciro byo kwishyuriraho amafaranga menshi birahenze cyane kurusha ibiciro byo mu kibaya n’ibyo gukoresha mu bundi buryo.
Imiterere ya photovoltaic igizwe na modules za solar cells, imashini zikoresha ingufu z'izuba zidafite grid na grid, packs za bateri, loadings, n'ibindi bice bigize sisitemu. Iyo hari urumuri, photovoltaic ihindura ingufu z'izuba mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi kandi igashyira umuriro muri bateri mu gihe itanga ingufu ku mutwaro binyuze muri inverter igenzura imirasire y'izuba; iyo urumuri rudahari, bateri ishyira umuriro kuri inverter igenzura imirasire y'izuba hanyuma igatanga umuriro kuri AC.
Gushyiramo ibikoresho bigenzura amashanyarazi n'amabatiri muri sisitemu ihuza amashanyarazi n'iy'amashanyarazi idakoresha amashanyarazi byongera ikiguzi rusange kigera kuri 30%-50% ugereranije na sisitemu ihuza amashanyarazi ikoresha amashanyarazi idakoresha amashanyarazi. Ariko, iyi nyongeramusaruro yongera ubushobozi bwa sisitemu. Ubwa mbere, birashoboka gushyiraho sisitemu ya PV kugira ngo itange ingufu ku bushobozi bwayo mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi. Icya kabiri, birashoboka gushyira amashanyarazi muri sisitemu ya PV mu gihe cy'akazi kayo katari mu amashanyarazi no kuyasohora mu gihe cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, hifashishijwe itandukaniro ry'ibiciro hagati y'ibice by'ibara ry'umurambararo n'ibibaya. Icya nyuma, mu gihe amashanyarazi adahari, sisitemu ya PV ikora nk'ingufu z'inyongera, kandi inverter ishobora gufungwa kugira ngo ikore mu buryo bwa hatari mu ikoranabuhanga. Muri iki gihe, iki kibazo gishyirwa mu bikorwa kenshi mu bihugu byateye imbere mu mahanga.
3. Imiterere y'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic kuri grid
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic kuri grid, ikora mu buryo bwo guhuza AC cyane cyane ikoresha ibice byo kubika ingufu za photovoltaic n'ingufu. Uretse kongera igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi bwite n'ayo gukwirakwiza ingufu za photovoltaic ku butaka, ububiko bw'ingufu za photovoltaic mu nganda n'ubucuruzi, n'izindi porogaramu zishobora gukoreshwa, sisitemu ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu zirenze urugero.
Module za selile z'izuba zigizwe n'urutonde rwa photovoltaic, rwunganirwa na bateri, PCS igenzura gusharija/gusohora umuriro, hamwe n'umutwaro utwara ingufu. Mu bihe aho ingufu z'izuba zitagera ku mbaraga z'umutwaro, sisitemu ikoreshwa igice kimwe n'ingufu z'izuba na grid. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo ingufu z'izuba zirenze imbaraga z'umutwaro, igice cy'ingufu z'izuba gikoreshwa mu gutanga ingufu ku mutwaro, mu gihe igice gisigaye kibikwa binyuze mu igenzura. Byongeye kandi, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ishobora gukoreshwa mu gucunga ibyo umuntu akeneye, arbitrage y'impeshyi n'izuba, n'ibindi bintu kugira ngo byongere uburyo bwo kunguka bw'iyi sisitemu.
Ku isoko rishya ry'ingufu mu Bushinwa, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ikoresha PV grid yakuruye inyungu nyinshi nk'uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Mu guhuza igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu, amashanyarazi akomoka kuri photovoltaic, na AC grid, iyi sisitemu yongera ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
4. Imiterere y'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu buryo buciriritse
Bitewe n'akamaro kayo nk'igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu iciriritse iri gufata umwanya ukomeye mu buryo bw'ingufu no mu iterambere rishya ry'ingufu mu Bushinwa.
Uko ingufu zisubira zigenda zikundwa n’iterambere rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga rikomeza gutera imbere, uburyo bwo gukoresha sisitemu zo kubika ingufu ziciriritse bukomeza kwiyongera. Ibi bintu bireba cyane cyane ibintu bibiri bikurikira:
1). Sisitemu yo kubyaza no kubika ingufu ikwirakwizwa: Kubyaza ingufu ikwirakwizwa bireba gushyira ibikoresho bito bitanga ingufu hafi y'umukoresha wa nyuma, hakoreshejwe amasoko nk'ingufu z'umuyaga, ingufu z'izuba, n'izindi. Ingufu zose zisigaye zibikwa mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu, zigakora nk'ingufu z'inyongera mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi cyangwa ibura ry'amashanyarazi.
2). Gusubiza inyuma ingufu za micro-grid: Kugira ngo amashanyarazi yo mu gace kacu aboneke neza mu turere twa kure, mu birwa, n'ahandi hantu hagoranye kugera kuri grid, sisitemu zo kubika ingufu za micro-grid zishobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko ry'amashanyarazi yo kubika.
Mu gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, imiyoboro mito ishobora kunoza ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisukuye zikwirakwizwa. Ibi bituma zigabanya ibintu bibi nko kuba nta bushobozi bufite, gutanga ingufu zidahamye, n’amashanyarazi yigenga adashoboka, mu gihe kandi zituma imiyoboro minini y’amashanyarazi ikora neza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiyoboro mito ikora nk’inyongera y’agaciro ku miyoboro minini y’amashanyarazi. Ingano y’ikoreshwa ry’imiyoboro mito ni nini cyane, kuva kuri kilowati nke kugeza kuri megawati icumi, kandi uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ni bwinshi cyane.
Imiterere y'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic ni myinshi kandi itandukanye, irimo imiyoboro mito, sisitemu zidafite grid, na sisitemu zifitanye isano n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi. Imikoreshereze ifatika y'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa irangwa n'inyungu n'imiterere byihariye bya buri bwoko bw'ingufu, byose hamwe biha abakoresha ingufu zizewe kandi zikora neza.
Uko ikoranabuhanga rya PV rikomeza gutera imbere n'ibiciro bigakomeza kugabanuka, kubika ingufu za PV bizafata umwanya ukomeye mu buryo bw'ingufu mu gihe kizaza. Muri icyo gihe, iterambere n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibintu bitandukanye bizafasha iterambere ryihuse ry'urwego rw'ingufu rukiri rushya mu Bushinwa kandi bifashe mu kugera ku mpinduka mu ngufu no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye rishingiye ku ibidukikije.
