Nk'igice cy'ingenzi mu gutanga ingufu za photovoltaic, inshingano nyamukuru ya inverter ni uguhindura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uturutse kuri module za photovoltaic ukajyamo umuyoboro usimburana. Kuri ubu, inverter isanzwe ku isoko igabanyijemo inverter ihuriweho hamwe na inverter y'amatsinda, hamwe na inverter ikwirakwizwa mu buryo bushya.
Uko bikora:
· Inverter y'uruhererekane: urukurikirane rw'uturemangingo tw'izuba (photovoltaic cells) mu buryo bwa DC bukoresha ingufu nyinshi, hanyuma bigahindurwamo AC output.
· Inverters zihuza: uturemangingo twinshi duhuza urumuri rw'izuba (photovoltaic) duhujwe icyarimwe kugira ngo twongere imbaraga zose, hanyuma tugahindurwamo AC output.
· Inverter y'ikiraro: ikoreshwa rya circuit ya bridge mu guhindura dc-to-ac.
· Inverter y'amajwi yo hagati: ihindura DC input muri AC y'amajwi yo hagati, igahindurwa muri transformer kugira ngo ibone umusaruro wa AC wifuza.
Hashingiwe ku miterere y'umuvuduko:
· Inverter ya Sine wave: umusaruro ni umuraba wa sine wonyine, ukwiriye ibisabwa mu buziranenge bw'ingufu z'ikoreshwa ry'inyongera.
· Inverter ya sinusoidal yahinduwe: imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ni imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa sinusoidal yahinduwe, hamwe n'ibice bimwe na bimwe bya harmonic bikoreshwa mu rugo no mu bucuruzi.
· Ihindura ry'umuraba wa kare: imiterere y'umuraba usohoka ni kare, yoroshye kandi ihendutse, ariko izazana harmonics nyinshi.
· Inverter y'ubugari bwa pulse (PWM): ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya PWM rifite frequency yo hejuru kugira ngo rikore imiterere y'umuvuduko usohoka hafi ya sinusoidal.
Hashingiwe ku bice by'ikoreshwa:
· Inverter yigenga: ku buryo bwigenga bwo gutanga amashanyarazi butari ku muyoboro mukuru w'amashanyarazi, nk'amatara, umuriro, n'ibindi.
· Inverter y'izuba: huza ingufu za photovoltaic ku muyoboro mukuru hanyuma ushyiremo ingufu zirenze mu muyoboro igihe zidakenewe, kandi ubone ingufu zidahagije mu muyoboro.
· Inverter ya micro-grid: sisitemu ya micro-grid ishobora kugera ku mikoranire n'imicungire, izaba ifite amasoko atandukanye y'amashanyarazi (nk'izuba, umuyaga, nibindi) hamwe n'umutwaro uhujwe.
Ibi ni bimwe mu byiciro bisanzwe by’inverter zikoresha imirasire y’izuba. Ubwoko butandukanye bw’inverter bufite imiterere itandukanye n’ibintu bifatika. Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubwoko bw’inverter bukwiye hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye n’ibintu bikoreshwa.
Inverter y'izuba ikoreshwa iki?:
Inverter y'izuba ikoreshwa mu guhindura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utaziguye (DC) ukorwa n'amapaneri ya photovoltaic (amapaneri y'izuba) mo umuyoboro usimburana (AC). Amapaneri ya photovoltaic ahindura imirasire y'izuba mo umuyoboro utaziguye, naho inverter y'izuba ihindura uwo muyoboro utaziguye mu muyoboro usimburana dusanzwe dukoresha mu ngo, mu nganda no mu bucuruzi.
Inshingano z'ingenzi za inverter y'izuba ni izi zikurikira:
1. Guhindura ingufu: ingufu z'izuba zisohoka muri DC zigashyirwa muri AC kugira ngo zihuze n'ibyo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukeneye. Umuriro usimburana (AC) ni ubwoko bw'ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi no mu nganda.
2. Ihujwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi: kuri sisitemu za photovoltaic zihujwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi, inverter y'izuba ishobora gushyira ingufu zirenze mu rusobe rw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo igabanye kwishingikiriza ku rusobe rw'amashanyarazi no kwinjiza amafaranga runaka kuri interineti.
3. Gucunga ingufu: inverter y'izuba ishobora gukurikirana no gucunga sisitemu ya PV, igenzura imiterere, umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, voltage, n'ibindi by'agace ka PV mu gihe nyacyo, kugira ngo ihe abakoresha ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana no kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu za PV.
4. Imirimo yo Kurinda: inverter y'izuba isanzwe ifite uburinzi bw'umuvuduko ukabije, uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi magufi, uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi arenze urugero, uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi arenze urugero, n'ibindi kugira ngo sisitemu ya PV ikore neza.
Muri make, inverter y'izuba igira uruhare runini muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic, ihindura ingufu z'urumuri mo ingufu z'ingirakamaro zisimburana, bigatuma ingufu z'izuba zikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi no kugera ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi, kugira ngo tugere ku ntego z'iterambere rirambye no kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya inverter birimo ibyiciro bikurikira:
1. Igikoresho cya semiconductor: igice cy'ingenzi cya inverter ni igikoresho cya semiconductor cya Power, ubusanzwe gikoresha Transistor ya power (IGBT) cyangwa Transistor ya Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect (MOSFET). Ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa mu guhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuva kuri DC kugera kuri AC.
2. Capacitors na inductors: capacitors na inductors nazo zikoreshwa muri inverters kugira ngo zibike kandi ziyungurure ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Capacitors zoroshya voltage y'amashanyarazi n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, mu gihe inductors zoroshya urusaku rwinshi na harmonics.
3. Igikoresho cyo gushyushya n'ibikoresho byo gushyushya: Igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi kiri muri inverter kizatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi, gikenera igikoresho cyo gushyushya n'ibikoresho byo gushyushya kugira ngo kigabanye ubushyuhe neza, kandi gikore neza uko gisanzwe. Ubusanzwe radiators zikorwa muri aluminiyumu cyangwa umuringa kugira ngo zitange ahantu hakwiye ho gukonjesha.
4. PCB (Akabati k’Urugaga gacapwe): PCB niyo itwara ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bishyirwamo kandi bigahuzwa n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga muri inverter, ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi n’imbaraga za mekanike. Imiterere y’urugaga rw’inverter izashingira ku ngufu zisabwa n’imiterere y’urugaga rw’insinga n’urugaga bijyana na rwo.
5. Ibice by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibice by'uruziga: inverter ikenera kandi gukoresha ibice bitandukanye by'uruziga, nka diode, resistor, transformers, fuses, connectors, nibindi kugira ngo igenzure, irinde kandi ihuze urujya n'uruza.
Byongeye kandi, agasanduku k'icyuma gihindura inverter gasanzwe gakozwe mu bikoresho by'icyuma, nka aluminiyumu cyangwa icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma, gakoreshwa mu kurinda neza ikoranabuhanga no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.
Ibi ni byo bikoresho by'ingenzi bya inverter, ibi bikoresho mu gushushanya no gukora inverter bigira uruhare runini mu kwemeza imikorere n'ubudahemuka bya inverter.
