Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuwedzera kweindasitiri, mutengo wekugadzira magetsi ezuva nezuva (PV) uri kuramba uchiderera, zvichiita kuti ive sosi yesimba inokosha mukusimudzira magariro ehupenyu mune ramangwana.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveTekinoroji yePhotovoltaic
Chinhu chikuru chetekinoroji yekugadzira magetsi ePV iSolar PV cell. Kushanduka kwemasero ePV ezuva kunogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu. Chizvarwa chekutanga chine masero ezuva akavakirwa pasilicon; chizvarwa chechipiri chinosanganisira masero ezuva akatetepa; uye chizvarwa chechitatu chinosanganisira matekinoroji matsva akadai semasero e-high-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV), masero ezuva eorganic, masero ezuva anochinjika, uye masero ezuva ane dhayi. Parizvino, masero ezuva akavakirwa pasilicon ndiwo ari kutonga pamusika, nepo masero e-thin-film ari kuwana mugove wemusika zvishoma nezvishoma. Mazhinji emasero echizvarwa chechitatu, kunze kweHCPV, achiri muchikamu chekutsvagisa.
Masero Ezuva Akavakirwa paSilicon
Pakati pemasero ezuva akagadzirwa nesilicon, tekinoroji yesilicon yemonocrystalline ndiyo yakanyanya kukura. Kushanda zvakanaka uye mutengo wemasero aya zvinonyanya kukanganiswa nemaitiro ekugadzira, anosanganisira matanho akadai sekukanda ingot, kucheka wafer, kupararira, kugadzira texturing, kuprinta screen, uye sintering. Masero ezuva akagadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro aya echinyakare anowanzo kwanisa kuchinja photoelectric ne 16-18%.
Masero ezuva esilicon emhando yeMonocrystalline ane simba repamusoro rekushandura asi ndiwo anodhura zvakanyanya. Masero ezuva esilicon emhando yePolycrystalline anopa kudzikisa mutengo kwakanaka nekugadzira zvakananga ma ingot esilicon akakura akakodzera kugadzirwa kwakawanda. Maitiro aya ari nyore, anochengetedza simba, anochengetedza zvinhu zvesilicon, uye anoda mhando yakaderera yezvinhu.
Kuderedza mutengo wemasero ezuva kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nenzira mbiri huru: kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu (semuenzaniso, kuderedza ukobvu hwesilicon wafer) uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura. Nzira dzekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka dzinosanganisira kuwedzera kupinza chiedza (semuenzaniso, kugadzira texture pamusoro, anti-reflective coating, kuderedza upamhi hwe electrode yepamberi), kuderedza kusanganiswa kwezvinotakura zvinogadzirwa ne photogenerated (semuenzaniso, emitter passivation), uye kuderedza kuramba (semuenzaniso, localized doping, back surface field technology).
Kushanda kwakanyanya kwekuchinja kwemasero ezuva e monocrystalline silicon i24.7%, kwakawanikwa nePERL structure solar cell kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNew South Wales. Zvinhu zvikuru zvetekinoroji zvinosanganisira kuderera kwephosphorus doping concentration pamusoro pesilicon kuderedza kusanganiswa kwenzvimbo, kupararira kwakanyanya pasi pemaelectrode epamberi neekumashure kuti agadzire maohmic contacts akanaka, uye kushandiswa kwephotolithography kuderedza maelectrode epamberi, zvichiwedzera nzvimbo yekupinza chiedza. Zvisinei, tekinoroji iyi haisati yagadzirwa semaindasitiri.
Dzimwe nzira dzekuvandudza mashandiro adzo dzinosanganisira BP Solar's surface grooved textured cells uye back-contact (EWT). Yekutanga inobudirira ne18.3% kuburikidza ne laser grooving, iyo inoderedza upamhi hwema electrodes epamberi uye inowedzera kupinza chiedza. Yekupedzisira inobudirira ne21.3% nekuunza ma electrodes epamberi kumashure, zvichiwedzera nzvimbo inopinza chiedza.
Masero Ezuva Akatetepa
Kunyange zvazvo masero ezuva esilicon ari pamusoro pesimba rawo, kuderedza mutengo wawo kwakaoma nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira wezvinhu zvesilicon. Masero ezuva eThin-film, anoshandisa zvinhu zvishoma, akabuda senzira inodhura zvishoma. Mhando huru dzemasero eThin-film dzinosanganisira masero eSilicon-based thin-film, masero eCadmium telluride (CdTe), uye masero eCopper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS).
Masero esimbi akagadzirwa nesilicon ane ukobvu hwema micrometer maviri chete, achishandisa inenge 1.5% yezvinhu zvesilicon zvinodiwa pamasero esilicon akagadzirwa necrystalline. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwePN junctions, masero aya anogona kuva single-junction, double-junction, kana multi-junction, rimwe nerimwe richikwanisa kunwisa mawavelength akasiyana ezuva. Kushanda kwakanyanya kwemasero e single-junction kunenge 7%, nepo masero e double-junction anogona kusvika 10%.
Masero eCdTe matete-firimu anopa kushanda kwepamusoro (kusvika ku12%) nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwakanaka hwekupinza chiedza. Zvisinei, cadmium inokonzera kenza uye tellurium shoma inochengetwa nezvisikwa zvinopa matambudziko ekukura kwenguva refu.
Masero eCIGS matete anoonekwa seremangwana retekinoroji yefirimu repamusoro-soro. Nekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira, kupinza kwavo chiedza kunogona kuvandudzwa, zvichikonzera kushanda kwepamusoro kwekushandura. Parizvino, kushanda zvakanaka murabhoritari kunosvika 20.1%, nepo zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvichisvika 13-14%, zvichiita kuti zvive zvinobudirira zvikuru pakati pemasero efirimu repamusoro-soro.
Masero eChizvarwa Chechitatu
Panyaya yedzidziso, masero echizvarwa chechitatu anogona kuwana hunyanzvi hwekushandura hukuru. Kunze kweHCPV, mazhinji achiri muchikamu chekutsvagisa. Masero eHCPV anowanzo shandisa zvinhu zve semiconductor zveIII-V, izvo zvine simba rekudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya uye zvinochengetedza hunyanzvi hwekushandura hukuru pasi pekuvhenekerwa kwakanyanya. Maumbirwo emisangano yakawanda anobvumira masero aya kuenderana nesolar spectrum zvakanyanya, nehunyanzvi hwedzidziso hunosvika 68%. Kugadzirwa kwekutengeserana kunogona kuwana hunyanzvi hunopfuura 40%.
Masero ezuva akabatanidzwa muzvikamu, uye mashandisirwo awo anoenderana nehunhu hwawo uye zvinodiwa pamusika. Mashandisirwo ekutanga aisanganisira nzvimbo dzekutaurirana nemasatellite, akazowedzera kusvika kunzvimbo dzekugara dzakadai sedenga rezuva. Muzviitiko izvi, nzvimbo shoma dzekuisa uye zvinodiwa zvesimba rakawanda zvakafarirwa nema crystalline silicon modules. Nekuvandudzwa kwezviteshi zvesimba rezuva zvakakura uye ma photovoltaics akabatanidzwa mukuvaka (BIPV), kufunga nezvemitengo kwakaita kuti pave nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwemasero e thin-film. Mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze anokanganisawo kushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzakasiyana.
Mashandisirwo eSolar Photovoltaic Technology
Kushandura mwaranzi yezuva kuita magetsi anoshandiswa kunoda sisitimu yakakwana yezuva yePV. Masero ezuva ePV ndiwo anoumba hwaro hwesisitimu iyi, iyo inosanganisirawo ma inverter, mabhatiri, masisitimu ekutarisa, uye masisitimu ekuparadzira.
Kurongwa kwePV System uye Kuumbwa kwayo
Masisitimu ezuva ePV anorongwa seasina grid kana kuti akabatana negrid. Masisitimu asina grid anogona kunge akazvimiririra kana kuti akasanganiswa.
Masisitimu akazvimirira anowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dziri kure, nzvimbo dzekutaurirana, uye mwenje yemumugwagwa yezuva, zvichitsamira chete pasimba rezuva. Anosanganisira mamodule ezuva, ma inverter, ma controllers, mabhatiri, masisitimu ekuparadzira, uye dziviriro yemheni. Mabhatiri nema controllers anokanganisa zvakanyanya mutengo wesisitimu uye hupenyu hwesisitimu. Masisitimu ehybrid anosanganisa simba rezuva nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semajenareta edhiziri kana ma turbine emhepo.
Masisitimu ane grid-tied, anowanzo shandiswa padenga remagetsi ezuva uye ma PV power plants makuru, haadi michina yekuchengetera zvinhu, zvichideredza mari. Masisitimu aya anosanganisira solar modules, inverters, distribution systems, lightning protection, uye monitoring systems. Parizvino, masisitimu ane grid-tied anosvika 80% yekushandiswa kwesimba rezuva.
Mamwe matekinoroji ekugadzira magetsi ePV
Kunze kwetekinoroji yemagetsi ezuva ePV, tekinoroji ye inverter, kubatanidzwa kwegrid, kuchengetwa, uye kutarisa kwakangwara kwakakosha kune masisitimu ekugadzira magetsi ePV:
Simba rinobuda nemasero ezuva rinosiyana zvichienderana nekusimba kwemwaranzi yezuva, zvichikonzera nguva nenguva. Kubatanidzwa kwegrid yakakura kunogona kukanganisa grid, zvichiita kuti kudzora grid nekuchengetedzwa kwezvitsuwa kuve kwakakosha.
Kubuda kwe solar module kuri direct current (DC), kunoda kushandurwa kwemhando yepamusoro kuita alternating current (AC) kuburikidza nema inverters.
Kubuda kwesimba remodule kunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakaita sekupisa uye mumvuri, zvichiita kuti pave nekutariswa kwesystem uye ma alarm system.
Tekinoroji yekudzora kure yakakosha kumafekitori emagetsi ePV munzvimbo dziri kure.
China iri pamberi mukugadzira ma solar modules panyaya yemhando yepamusoro uye kukura kwayo. Nzvimbo dzinoita purofiti yakawanda mukati meindasitiri dzinosanganisira kuchenesa silicon, ma inverter, masisitimu ekutarisa, uye kugadzira michina yePV. Kubudirira munzvimbo idzi dzakakosha idambudziko guru kuindasitiri yePV yeChina.
Mamiriro Azvino Uye Tariro Yeramangwana Yekugadzirwa Kwemagetsi Ezuva PV
Nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezuva PV hakuna kukura zvakanyanya kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rapfuura. Tichipinda muzana remakore rechi21, nekushanda zvakanaka kuri nani uye mitengo ichidzikira nekukurumidza, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezuva PV kwave nekukura nekukurumidza, nekugona kuiswa kuchiwedzera gore rega rega. Kugona kuiswa kwegore negore kwepasi rose kwakakwira kubva pa1.4 GW muna 2000 kusvika pa22.8 GW muna 2009. Nyika dzeEurope dzakadai seGermany, Italy, neSpain imisika mikuru, neEU iri kuronga kuwedzera chikamu chemagetsi ezuva kusvika pa12% yemagetsi ese anowanikwa muna 2020. Nyika dziri kusimukira dzakadai seChina neIndia dzakatangawo zvirongwa zvekuvandudza magetsi ezuva. Kunze kwenzvimbo dzekutaurirana, matenga ezuva, uye nzvimbo dzemagetsi ePV, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezuva PV ikozvino kwave kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemafoni.
Seimwe nzira yekuwedzera simba uye imwe nzira, tekinoroji yezuva PV iri kukura nekukurumidza, nemitengo yekugadzira iri kudzikira. Nekufambira mberi kuri kuitwa tekinoroji, simba rezuva, senzvimbo yakachena uye inogona kushandiswazve, ragadzirira kuva nzvimbo huru yesimba rekusimudzira budiriro inoenderera mberi.
