Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhula kwemboni, izindleko zokukhiqizwa kukagesi nge-photovoltaic (PV) ziyaqhubeka nokwehla, okukubeka njengomthombo wamandla obalulekile wentuthuko esimeme esikhathini esizayo.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zobuchwepheshe Be-Photovoltaic
Ingxenye eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla e-PV yiseli le-PV lelanga. Ukuvela kwamaseli e-PV elanga kungahlukaniswa ngezizukulwane ezintathu. Isizukulwane sokuqala siqukethe amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-silicon; isizukulwane sesibili sihlanganisa amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-thin-film; kanti isizukulwane sesithathu sihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha njengamaseli e-photovoltaic (HCPV) agxilile kakhulu, amaseli elanga angokwemvelo, amaseli elanga aguquguqukayo, namaseli elanga azwela udayi. Njengamanje, amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-silicon abusa imakethe, kuyilapho amaseli e-thin-film ethola isabelo semakethe kancane kancane. Amaseli amaningi esizukulwane sesithathu, ngaphandle kwe-HCPV, asesesigabeni socwaningo.
Amaseli Elanga Asekelwe ku-Silicon
Phakathi kwamaseli elanga asekelwe ku-silicon, ubuchwepheshe be-silicon obu-monocrystalline yibo obuvuthiwe kakhulu. Ukusebenza kahle kanye nezindleko zala maseli kuthonywa kakhulu yinqubo yokukhiqiza, ehlanganisa izinyathelo ezifana nokuphonswa kwe-ingot, ukuskenwa kwe-wafer, ukusabalala, ukuthungwa, ukuphrinta kwesikrini, kanye nokusinta. Amaseli elanga akhiqizwa ngale nqubo evamile ngokuvamile afinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric okungu-16-18%.
Amaseli elanga e-silicon e-monocrystalline anamandla okuguqula aphezulu kakhulu kodwa futhi abiza kakhulu. Amaseli elanga e-silicon e-polycrystalline anikeza ukunciphisa okuhle kwezindleko ngokukhiqiza ngqo ama-ingot e-silicon amakhulu afanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Le nqubo ilula, isindisa amandla, igcina izinto ze-silicon, futhi idinga ikhwalithi ephansi yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Ukunciphisa izindleko zamaseli elanga kungafinyelelwa ngamasu amabili ayinhloko: ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto (isb., ukunciphisa ukujiya kwe-silicon wafer) kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa. Izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle zifaka phakathi ukwandisa ukumuncwa kokukhanya (isb., ukuthungwa kwendawo, ukugqoka okuvimbela ukukhanya, ukunciphisa ububanzi be-electrode yangaphambili), ukunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezithwali ezikhiqizwa nge-photo (isb., ukudlula kwe-emitter), kanye nokunciphisa ukumelana (isb., ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa endaweni ethile, ubuchwepheshe bensimu yangemuva).
Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwamaseli elanga e-silicon e-monocrystalline kungu-24.7%, okufezwe yiseli lelanga lesakhiwo se-PERL elivela eNyuvesi yaseNew South Wales. Izici ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe zifaka phakathi ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-phosphorus doping ebusweni be-silicon ukunciphisa ukuhlangana kabusha kobuso, ukusabalala okuphezulu kokugxila ngaphansi kwama-electrode angaphambili nangemuva ukuze kwakheke ukuxhumana okuhle kwe-ohmic, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-photolithography ukunciphisa ama-electrode angaphambili, okwandisa indawo yokumunca ukukhanya. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe abukakathuthukiswa.
Amanye amasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle afaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe be-BP Solar's surface grooved textured cells kanye ne-back-contact (EWT). Eyokuqala ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungu-18.3% ngokusebenzisa i-laser grooving, okunciphisa ububanzi bama-electrode angaphambili futhi kwandise ukumuncwa kokukhanya. Eyokugcina ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungu-21.3% ngokuletha ama-electrode angaphambili ngemuva, okwandisa indawo emunca ukukhanya.
Amaseli Elanga Anefilimu Encane
Nakuba amaseli elanga e-silicon acwebezelayo ebusa ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo kahle okuphezulu, ukunciphisa izindleko zawo kuyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yentengo ephezulu yezinto ze-silicon. Amaseli elanga e-Thin-film, asebenzisa izinto ezincane, avele njengendlela engcono kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaseli e-thin-film zifaka amaseli e-thin-film asekelwe ku-silicon, amaseli e-cadmium telluride (CdTe), namaseli e-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
Amaseli efilimu encane asekelwe ku-silicon anobukhulu obungama-micrometer amabili kuphela, esebenzisa cishe u-1.5% wezinto ze-silicon ezidingekayo kumaseli e-silicon acwebezelayo. Kuye ngenani lama-PN junction, lawa maseli angaba yi-single-junction, i-double-junction, noma i-multi-junction, ngalinye likwazi ukumunca amaza okukhanya kwelanga ahlukene. Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwamaseli e-single-junction kucishe kube ngu-7%, kuyilapho amaseli e-double-junction angafinyelela ku-10%.
Amaseli e-CdTe thin-film anikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (kufika ku-12%) ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezinhle zokumunca ukukhanya. Kodwa-ke, isimo se-cadmium esibangela umdlavuza kanye nokugcinwa kwemvelo okulinganiselwe kwe-tellurium kudala izinselele zentuthuko yesikhathi eside.
Amaseli e-CIGS thin-film abhekwa njengekusasa lobuchwepheshe be-thin-film obusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokulungisa inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukumuncwa kwawo kokukhanya kungathuthukiswa, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu. Njengamanje, ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri kufinyelela ku-20.1%, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano ifinyelela ku-13-14%, okwenza kube ngcono kakhulu phakathi kwamaseli e-thin-film.
Amaseli Esizukulwane Sesithathu
Ngokwethiyori, amaseli esizukulwane sesithathu angafinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu. Ngaphandle kwe-HCPV, iningi lawo lisesesigabeni sokucwaninga. Amaseli e-HCPV ngokuvamile asebenzisa izinto ze-semiconductor ze-III-V, ezinokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu futhi zigcina ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu ngaphansi kokukhanya okuphezulu. Izakhiwo ze-Multi-junction zivumela lawa maseli ukuthi afane eduze ne-solar spectrum, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwethiyori kufika ku-68%. Ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kungafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kuka-40%.
Amaseli elanga ahlanganiswe ngamamojula, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuncike ezicini zawo kanye nezidingo zemakethe. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwakuhlanganisa iziteshi zokuxhumana kanye namasathelayithi, kamuva anwebeka ezindaweni zokuhlala ezifana nophahla lwelanga. Kulezi zimo, izindawo zokufakwa ezilinganiselwe kanye nezidingo eziphezulu zamandla zathanda amamojula e-silicon acwebezelayo. Ngokuthuthuka kwezitshalo zamandla elanga ezinkulu kanye nama-photovoltaics ahlanganiswe nezakhiwo (BIPV), ukucatshangelwa kwezindleko kuholele ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamaseli amancane. Izimo zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu nazo zithonya ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obuhlukene.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-Solar Photovoltaic
Ukuguqula imisebe yelanga ibe ugesi ongasetshenziswa kudinga uhlelo oluphelele lwe-PV yelanga. Amaseli e-PV yelanga akha isisekelo salolu hlelo, oluhlanganisa nama-inverter, amabhethri, izinhlelo zokuqapha, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Nokwakheka Kwesistimu ye-PV
Izinhlelo ze-solar PV zihlukaniswa njengezingaxhumekile kugridi noma eziboshwe kugridi. Izinhlelo ezingaxhumekile kugridi zingaba ezizimele noma ezixubile.
Izinhlelo ezizimele zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikude, eziteshini zokuxhumana, nasezibanini zemigwaqo zelanga, zithembele ngokuphelele emandleni elanga. Zihlanganisa amamojula elanga, ama-inverter, abalawuli, amabhethri, izinhlelo zokusabalalisa, kanye nokuvikelwa kombani. Amabhethri nabalawuli bathinta kakhulu izindleko zesistimu kanye nesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid zihlanganisa amandla elanga neminye imithombo efana namajeneretha kadizili noma ama-wind turbine.
Izinhlelo eziboshwe ngegridi, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ophahleni lwelanga kanye nezitshalo zikagesi ze-PV ezinkulu, azidingi imishini yokugcina izinto, okunciphisa izindleko. Lezi zinhlelo zifaka amamojula elanga, ama-inverter, izinhlelo zokusabalalisa, ukuvikela umbani, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha. Njengamanje, izinhlelo eziboshwe ngegridi zingu-80% wazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zelanga.
Ezinye Izindlela Zokukhiqiza Amandla ze-PV
Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bamaseli e-PV elanga, ubuchwepheshe be-inverter, ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi, isitoreji, kanye nokuqapha okuhlakaniphile kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-PV:
Amandla okukhipha amaseli elanga ayahlukahluka ngokuya ngamandla emisebe yelanga, okubangela izikhawu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi enkulu kungathinta igridi, okwenza ukulawula igridi kanye nokuvikelwa kwesiqhingi kube yinto ebalulekile.
Ukukhishwa kwe-solar module kungumshini oqondile (DC), okudinga ukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kube umshini oshintshashintshayo (AC) ngama-inverters.
Ukukhishwa kwamandla emojuli kungathinteka yizici ezifana nokushisa kanye nomthunzi, okudinga ukuqapha uhlelo kanye nezinhlelo ze-alamu.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula kude bubalulekile ezitshalweni zikagesi ze-PV ezindaweni ezikude.
I-China ihamba phambili ekukhiqizweni kwamamojula elanga ngokwekhwalithi nobukhulu. Izindawo ezinenzuzo ephezulu ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwemboni zifaka phakathi ukuhlanzwa kwe-silicon, ama-inverter, izinhlelo zokuqapha, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemishini ye-PV. Ukufeza impumelelo kulezi zindawo ezibalulekile kuyinselele embonini ye-PV yaseShayina.
Isimo Samanje kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo okukhiqizwa kukagesi we-solar PV
Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi we-solar PV akuzange kubone intuthuko enkulu kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Njengoba singena ekhulwini lama-21, ngokusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezindleko ezincipha ngokushesha, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi we-solar PV kuye kwakhula ngokushesha, kanti umthamo ofakiwe uyanda minyaka yonke. Umthamo wonyaka ofakiwe emhlabeni wonke ukhuphuke kusuka ku-1.4 GW ngo-2000 kuya ku-22.8 GW ngo-2009. Amazwe aseYurophu afana neJalimane, i-Italy, neSpain ayizimakethe ezinkulu, kanti i-EU ihlela ukwandisa isabelo samandla elanga sibe yi-12% yokunikezwa kukagesi okuphelele ngo-2020. Amazwe asathuthuka njengeShayina neNdiya nawo aqalise izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla elanga. Ngaphandle kweziteshi zokuxhumana, ophahleni lwelanga, kanye nezitshalo zikagesi ze-PV, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi we-solar PV manje kusetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi eselula ahlukahlukene.
Njengomthombo wamandla owengeziwe nowehlukile, ubuchwepheshe be-solar PV buthuthuka ngokushesha, ngezindleko zokukhiqiza ezinciphayo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, amandla elanga, njengomthombo ohlanzekile novuselelekayo, akulungele ukuba umthombo wamandla obalulekile wentuthuko esimeme.
