Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla elanga ezihlakaniphile zasekhaya sezivame kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Amandla aluhlaza anganikezwa umndeni emini noma ebusuku, futhi ngamandla elanga, akudingeki ukhathazeke ngamanani aphezulu kagesi. Lokhu kukongela imali ebhilini lakho likagesi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unempilo enhle.
Emini, uhlelo lokugcina amandla e-PV lwasekhaya luqoqa amandla elanga bese luwagcina ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze lusetshenziswe umthwalo ebusuku. Uma ugesi ucima ngokuzumayo, uhlelo lungashintshela ngokushesha emthonjeni wamandla okusekelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izibani, izinto zikagesi, neminye imishini zihlala zisebenza njengoba kufanele. Ibhethri ohlelweni lokugcina amandla lwasekhaya lingashajwa lodwa lapho ugesi ungasetshenziswa. Ngale ndlela, lingasetshenziswa lapho ugesi ucima noma lapho ugesi udingeka kakhulu. Idivayisi yokugcina amandla yasekhaya ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla okusekelayo uma kwenzeka inhlekelele. Ingaphinde ilinganisele umthwalo wokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okusindisa umndeni imali ezindlekweni zawo zikagesi. Uhlelo lokugcina amandla e-PV lwasekhaya oluhlakaniphile lusebenza njengesiteshi samandla esincane sokugcina amandla futhi aluthintwa ukucindezeleka kwegridi yamandla emadolobheni.
Uphawu lombuzo kochwepheshe?
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezingxenye uhlelo lokugcina amandla lwe-PV lwasekhaya olunamandla kangaka olunazo, futhi luncike kuphi ukuze lusebenze? Yiziphi izinhlobo zezixazululo zokugcina amandla ze-PV zasekhaya ezikhona? Kungani kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlelo lokugcina amandla lwe-PV lwasekhaya olufanele?
"Imizuzwana" Yokwazi Kwe-CEM
Iyini uhlelo lokugcina amandla lwe-PV lwekhaya?
Uhlelo lokugcina amandla e-photovoltaic lwasekhaya lwakhiwe uhlelo lokuguqula i-solar photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lwemishini yokugcina amandla. Lungagcina ugesi okhiqizwa yilanga. Ngale ndlela yokusetha, abantu bangenza ugesi emini futhi bagcine owengeziwe ukuze bawusebenzise ebusuku noma lapho kungekho ukukhanya okuningi.
Ukuhlela izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ze-PV zasekhaya ngamaqembu
Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ekhaya: lezo ezixhunywe kugridi kanye nalezo ezingaxhumene nayo.
Isixazululo sokugcina amandla esixhunywe kugridi sekhaya
Amaphaneli elanga, ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi, uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri (i-BMS), kanye nemithwalo ye-AC yakha izingxenye zayo ezinhlanu ezinkulu. Amaphaneli e-PV kanye nohlelo lokugcina amandla asebenza ndawonye ukunika amandla idivayisi. Uma amandla okusetshenziswa kagesi evuliwe, kokubili uhlelo oluxhunywe kugridi ye-PV kanye namandla okusetshenziswa kagesi kunika amandla umthwalo. Uma amandla okusetshenziswa kagesi ephela, kokubili uhlelo oluxhunywe kugridi ye-PV kanye nohlelo lokugcina amandla kunika amandla umthwalo ndawonye. Kunezindlela ezintathu uhlelo lokugcina amandla lwasekhaya oluxhunywe kugridi olungasebenza ngazo: Imodi 1: I-PV igcina amandla futhi ithumela amandla engeziwe kwi-inthanethi; Imodi 2: I-PV igcina amandla futhi isize umsebenzisi ngezinye zezidingo zakhe zikagesi; kanye nemodi 3: I-PV igcina kuphela amanye amandla.
Indlela yokugcina amandla ngaphandle kwegridi ekhaya
I-inverter ye-PV ingasebenza ngoba ihlukile kugridi futhi ayidingi ukuxhunywa kuyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lonke uhlelo aludingi i-converter exhunywe kugridi. Uhlelo lokugcina amandla ekhaya olungaphandle kwegridi lunezindlela ezintathu zokusebenza ezihlukene. Kumodi 1, i-PV inikeza isitoreji samandla kanye nogesi womsebenzisi ngezinsuku ezinelanga. Kumodi 2, i-PV kanye nebhethri lokugcina linikeza ugesi womsebenzisi ngezinsuku ezinamafu. Kumodi 3, ibhethri lokugcina linikeza ugesi womsebenzisi ngezinsuku ezimnyama nezinemvula.
I-inverter ifana nobuchopho nenhliziyo yesistimu yokugcina amandla yasekhaya. Ayinakuhlukaniswa nesistimu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ixhunywe kugridi noma cha.
Ingabe kukhona igama lalokhu?
I-inverter iyingxenye evamile yezinhlelo zamandla. Ingashintsha amandla e-DC (kusukela kumabhethri noma amabhethri agciniwe) abe amandla e-AC (220v50HZ sine noma i-square wave). Kalula nje, i-inverter umshini oshintsha ugesi oqondile (DC) ube ugesi oshintshanayo (AC). Kukhona ibhuloho lokuguqula, i-control logic, kanye nesekethe yokuhlunga kuyo. Ama-diode e-Rectifier kanye ne-thyristors kuyizingxenye ezimbili ezivamile. Amakhompyutha amaningi kanye namagajethi asekhaya ane-rectifier (DC kuya ku-AC) eyakhelwe ezimpahleni zawo zamandla. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama-inverter.
Yini eyenza ama-transformer abe yingxenye ebaluleke kangaka yesistimu?
Ukudluliselwa kwe-AC kusebenza kangcono kunokudluliselwa kwe-DC futhi kusetshenziselwa ukuthumela amandla ezindaweni eziningi. Ungathola ukuthi angakanani amandla alahlekayo ngogesi odluliselwayo wentambo ngokusebenzisa i-equation P=I2R, emele "amandla = isikwele sokumelana kwamanje." Ukuze wehlise ukulahleka kwamandla, udinga ukwehlisa ugesi odluliselwayo wentambo noma ukumelana kwawo. Kunzima ukwehlisa ukumelana kwemigqa yokudlulisela (njengezintambo zethusi) ngoba kubiza imali eningi futhi kudinga ulwazi oluningi lwesayensi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo ukwehlisa amandla adluliselweyo. Amandla = Amandla amanje x I-Voltage, noma ngokuqondile, amandla asebenzayo = IUcosφ. Ukuze wonge amandla, ugesi osemigqeni ungancishiswa ngokushintsha ugesi oqondile uye kugesi oshintshanayo bese uphakamisa i-voltage yegridi.
Ngendlela efanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic yelanga kusebenzisa amaphaneli e-photovoltaic ukwenza amandla e-DC. Kodwa-ke, imithwalo eminingi idinga amandla e-AC. Kunezinkinga ezithile ngezinhlelo zomthombo wamandla e-DC. Akulula ukushintsha i-voltage, futhi imithwalo engasetshenziswa inqunyelwe. Yonke imithwalo, ngaphandle kwemithwalo ethile yamandla, idinga ukusebenzisa ama-inverter ukushintsha amandla e-DC abe amandla e-AC. I-converter ye-photovoltaic iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesistimu yamandla e-photovoltaic yelanga. Iguqula amandla e-DC kusuka kumoduli ye-photovoltaic ibe amandla e-AC, abese ethunyelwa kumthwalo noma umthombo wamandla futhi ivikele ama-electronics kagesi. Amamojula wamandla, amabhodi wesekethe yokulawula, ama-circuit breakers, izihlungi, ama-reactor, ama-transformer, ama-contactor, amakhabethe, nezinye izingxenye zakha i-PV inverter. Ukucubungula izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi kusengaphambili, ukuhlanganiswa komshini, ukuhlolwa, ukupakisha komshini, nezinye izinyathelo zakha inqubo yokukhiqiza. Ukukhula kwalezi zinyathelo kuncike entuthukweni eyenziwe kubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi yamandla, ubuchwepheshe bedivayisi ye-semiconductor, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula besimanje.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zama-Inverter
I-inverter ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yizigaba ezintathu:
1. I-inverter ixhunywe kugridi
Ngaphezu kokushintsha i-DC ibe yi-AC, i-inverter exhunywe kugridi ingavumelanisa i-AC yayo yokuphuma nemvamisa kanye nesigaba samandla okusetshenziswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-AC yokuphuma ingabuyiselwa emandleni okusetshenziswa. Ngamanye amazwi, i-inverter exhunywe kugridi ingaxhuma kulayini wokusetshenziswa ngendlela ehambisanayo. Le inverter ingathumela amandla angasetshenziswa kugridi ngaphandle kwamabhethri, futhi isekethe yayo yokufaka ingenziwa isebenze ngobuchwepheshe be-MTTP.
2. Ama-inverter angadingi ukuxhunywa kugridi
Ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi, avame ukunamatheliswa kumaphaneli elanga, ama-wind turbine amancane, noma eminye imithombo yamandla e-DC, ashintsha amandla e-DC abe amandla e-AC angasetshenziswa yikhaya. Angaphinde anikeze amandla imithwalo ngamandla avela kugridi namabhethri. Kubizwa ngokuthi "i-off-grid" ngoba ayixhumi kugridi yamandla futhi ayidingi umthombo wamandla wangaphandle.
Ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi ayizinhlelo zokuqala ezisebenzisa ibhethri ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi ama-microgrid asebenze ezindaweni ezithile. I-inverter engaphandle kwegridi ingagcina amandla futhi iwashintshe abe ezinye izinhlobo. Inezingeniso zamanje, izingeniso ze-DC, izingeniso zokushaja okusheshayo, izingeniso ze-DC ezinamandla aphezulu, kanye nezingeniso ze-AC ezisheshayo. Isebenzisa isofthiwe yokulawula ukushintsha izimo zokufaka nezokukhipha ukuze imithombo efana namaphaneli elanga noma imishini yomoya emincane isebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. Iphinde isebenzise umphumela we-sine wave omsulwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamandla.
I-inverter engaphandle kwegridi Amabhethri ayadingeka ezinhlelweni zelanga ezingaphandle kwegridi ngoba agcina amandla angasetshenziswa lapho ugesi ucima noma lapho ugesi ungekho. Ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi akusiza ukuthi uthembele kancane kugridi eyinhloko, okungabangela ukucima kukagesi, ukucima kukagesi, nezinye izinkinga izinkampani ezingenakukwazi ukuzilungisa.
I-inverter engaphandle kwegridi enesilawuli sokushaja selanga nayo inesilawuli selanga se-PWM noma se-MPPT sangaphakathi esivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi axhume okokufaka kwe-PV ku-inverter yelanga futhi abone isimo se-PV esibonisweni se-inverter yelanga. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukusetha nokuhlola uhlelo. Ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi ezinjinini ezisekelayo namabhethri ayazihlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamandla izinzile futhi igcwele. Ngenkathi lawo ane-wattage ephansi esetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinto zasekhaya, lawo ane-wattage ephezulu asetshenziswa kakhulu ukunika amandla amaphrojekthi ebhizinisi kanye nawangasese.
3. I-Hybrid Inverter
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-inverter ahlanganisiwe: enye iyi-inverter engaphandle kwegridi enesilawuli sokushaja selanga esakhelwe ngaphakathi, kanti enye iyi-inverter engaphakathi kwegridi kanye nengaphandle kwegridi engasetshenziswa kokubili izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ezixhunywe kugridi kanye ne-off-grid futhi amabhethri azo angafakwa ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Lokho okwenziwa yi-transformer ngokuvamile
1. Imisebenzi yokusebenza nokuvala ngokuzenzakalelayo
Njengoba usuku luqhubeka futhi i-engeli yelanga ikhuphuka kancane kancane, namandla emisebe yelanga ayakhula. Uhlelo lwe-PV lungasebenzisa amandla elanga engeziwe, futhi uma lufinyelela ezingeni lamandla okukhipha elidingekayo ukuze i-inverter isebenze, lungaqala ukusebenza lodwa. Luzoyeka ukusebenza bese lungena kwimodi yokulala lapho umphumela we-inverter exhunywe kugridi/isitoreji u-0 noma usondele kakhulu ku-0. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amandla okukhipha wesistimu ye-PV ehla.
2. Umsebenzi womphumela wokulwa nokukhukhuleka kwesiqhingi
Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic axhunywe kugridi, uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic, kanye nokusebenza kwegridi yesistimu yamandla. Lapho igridi yamandla yomphakathi yehla noma iziphatha ngendlela exakile, umphumela wokuwa kwesiqhingi uyenzeka uma uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic lungakwazi ukuyeka ukusebenza ngesikhathi noma lunqanyuliwe ohlelweni lwamandla kodwa lusenamandla. Kubi kokubili ohlelweni lwe-PV kanye nomthombo wamandla uma kuneziqhingi zamandla.
I-inverter exhunywe kugridi/isitoreji samandla inesekethe yokuvikela yangaphakathi yokulwa nokuwa kwesiqhingi engakwazi ukubona igridi ngokuhlakanipha ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ifake i-voltage, imvamisa, nolunye ulwazi. Uma kutholakala ukungajwayelekile kugridi yomphakathi, i-inverter ingasebenzisa amanani ahlukene alinganisiwe ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze inqume ugesi, imise ukuphuma, futhi ibike amaphutha.
3. Isici sokulawula sokulandelela amaphuzu aphezulu wamandla
Ubuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu be-inverter exhunywe kugridi noma yesitoreji umsebenzi wayo wokulawula ukulandelela amaphuzu aphezulu wamandla (umsebenzi we-MPPT). Lo msebenzi uvumela i-inverter ukuthola nokubuka amandla aphezulu okukhipha izingxenye zayo ngesikhathi sangempela.
Kunezinto eziningi ezingashintsha amandla okukhipha uhlelo lwe-PV, futhi akwenzeki njalo ukuwagcina emandleni awo okukhipha angcono kakhulu ashiwoyo.
Umsebenzi we-MPPT we-inverter exhunywe kugridi/isitoreji ungalandelela amandla aphezulu kakhulu aphumayo engxenyeni ngayinye ngesikhathi sangempela. Ungabe usulungisa ngobuhlakani i-voltage yephoyinti lokusebenza yesistimu (noma ugesi) ukuze uyisondeze eduze kwephoyinti lamandla eliphakeme, okuzokhulisa amandla akhiqizwa uhlelo lwe-PV futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ingasebenza ngokuqhubekayo nangokuphumelelayo.
4. Isici esihlakaniphile sokugcina iso ezintanjeni
Ngokusekelwe ekulandeleni kokuqala kwe-MPPT, i-inverter exhunywe kugridi/isitoreji samandla isivele iqede umsebenzi wokuthola izintambo ezihlakaniphile. Ukutholwa kwezintambo kuhlola kahle i-voltage kanye nogesi kuzintambo zegatsha ngalinye, ngokungafani nokulandelela kwe-MPPT. Lokhu kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abone idatha yokusebenza kwesikhathi sangempela yezintambo ngayinye.
Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla abantu abazifunayo njengamanje uhlelo lokuphatha amabhethri e-BMS, i-inverter exhunywe kugridi ye-PV, kanye ne-inverter yokugcina amandla. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo zemishini yokugcina amandla ekhaya nokuhlanganisa izici zokuhlukanisa ukuphepha zesekethe ngayinye yeyunithi yesistimu ye-PV, i-Huashengchang ikhiphe isethi ephelele yezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ze-PV ekhaya. Lezi zinhlelo ikakhulukazi zakhiwa ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi kanye nama-inverter ahlanganisiwe.
