Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hangarau Photovoltaic o te Rā

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te whakawhānui ake i te umanga, kei te heke tonu te utu o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic (PV), ka waiho hei puna hiko matua mō te whanaketanga pumau a meake nei.

Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Hangarau Photovoltaic
Ko te wāhanga matua o te hangarau whakaputa hiko PV ko te pūtau PV o te rā. Ka taea te wehewehe i te whanaketanga o ngā pūtau PV o te rā ki ngā whakatipuranga e toru. Ko te whakatipuranga tuatahi he pūtau rā e hangai ana ki te silicon; ko te whakatipuranga tuarua kei roto ko ngā pūtau rā kiriata-angiangi; ā, ko te whakatipuranga tuatoru kei roto ko ngā hangarau hou pēnei i ngā pūtau photovoltaic kukū-teitei (HCPV), ngā pūtau rā waro, ngā pūtau rā ngāwari, me ngā pūtau rā kua whakaaweawehia ki te tae. I tēnei wā, ko ngā pūtau rā e hangai ana ki te silicon te rangatira o te mākete, i te mea kei te piki haere te wāhi mākete o ngā pūtau kiriata-angiangi. Ko te nuinga o ngā pūtau o te whakatipuranga tuatoru, engari ko te HCPV, kei roto tonu i te wāhanga rangahau.

Ngā Pūtau Rā e Hangai ana ki te Silicon

I roto i ngā pūtau rā e ahu mai ana i te silicon, ko te hangarau silicon monocrystalline te mea tino pakari. Ko te whai huatanga me te utu o ēnei pūtau ka pāngia e te tukanga hanga, tae atu ki ngā mahi pēnei i te whakarewa ingot, te tapatapahi wafer, te horapa, te hanga kakano, te tā mata, me te sintering. Ko ngā pūtau rā e hangaia ana mā tēnei tukanga tikanga ka tutuki i te nuinga o te wā he pai te hurihanga hiko whakaahua o te 16-18%.

Ko ngā pūtau rā hikohiko monocrystalline te mea tino pai te hurihanga engari ko rātou anō hoki te mea tino utu nui. He pai te whakaiti i ngā utu o ngā pūtau rā hikohiko polycrystalline mā te hanga tika i ngā poro silicon tapawhā rahi nui e tika ana mō te hanga papatipu. He māmā ake tēnei tukanga, he penapena hiko, he tiaki rauemi silicon, ā, he iti ake te kounga o te rauemi e hiahiatia ana.

Ka taea te whakaiti i te utu o ngā pūtau rā mā roto i ngā rautaki matua e rua: te whakaiti i te whakamahinga rauemi (hei tauira, te whakaiti i te matotoru o te anga silicon) me te whakanui ake i te pai o te huringa. Ko ngā tikanga hei whakarei ake i te pai ko te whakanui ake i te mimiti mārama (hei tauira, te hanganga mata, te paninga ārai-whakaata, te whakaiti i te whānui o te hiko o mua), te whakaiti i te whakakotahitanga o ngā kaikawe whakaahua (hei tauira, te whakangāwari i te kaituku), me te whakaiti i te ātete (hei tauira, te tāpiritanga ā-rohe, te hangarau mara mata o muri).

Ko te pai o te huringa kua tuhia mō ngā pūtau rā silicon monocrystalline ko te 24.7%, i tutukihia e te pūtau rā hanganga PERL mai i Te Whare Wānanga o New South Wales. Ko ngā āhuatanga hangarau matua ko te iti o te kukū tāpiringa phosphorus i runga i te mata silicon hei whakaiti i te whakakotahitanga o te mata, te horapa kukū teitei i raro i ngā irahiko mata o mua me muri hei hanga hononga ohmic pai, me te whakamahinga o te photolithography hei whakawhāiti i ngā irahiko mata o mua, hei whakanui ake i te horahanga mimiti mārama. Heoi, kāore anō kia whakawhanakehia tēnei hangarau.

Ko ētahi atu tikanga hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga ko ngā pūtau kakano haehae mata a BP Solar me te hangarau whakapā-muri (EWT). Ko te mea tuatahi ka eke ki te 18.3% te whai huatanga mā te haehae laser, e whakaiti ana i te whānui o ngā irahiko o mua, e whakanui ana hoki i te mimiti o te māramatanga. Ko te mea whakamutunga ka eke ki te 21.3% te whai huatanga mā te kawe i ngā irahiko o mua ki muri, ka whakanui ake i te horahanga mimiti māramatanga.

Ngā Pūtau Rā Kiriata-Angiangi

Ahakoa te nuinga o ngā pūtau rā silicon tioata nā te nui o te whai huatanga, he uaua te whakaiti i te utu nā te nui o te utu o te rauemi silicon. Kua puta ake ngā pūtau rā angiangi-kiriata, he iti ake te rauemi e whakamahia ana, hei huarahi kē atu ki te utu iti. Ko ngā momo matua o ngā pūtau kiriata angiangi ko ngā pūtau kiriata angiangi-kiriata, ngā pūtau cadmium telluride (CdTe), me ngā pūtau copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

E 2 maikiromita noa iho te matotoru o ngā pūtau angiangi e ahu mai ana i te silicon, e whakamahi ana i te 1.5% o te rauemi silicon e hiahiatia ana mō ngā pūtau silicon tioata. I runga i te maha o ngā hononga PN, ka taea e ēnei pūtau te hono kotahi, te hono rua, te hono maha rānei, ka taea e ia pūtau te mimiti i ngā roangaru rerekē o te rā. Ko te pai rawa atu mō ngā pūtau hono kotahi he 7% pea, ko ngā pūtau hono rua ka taea te eke ki te 10%.

He nui ake te whai huatanga o ngā pūtau kiri angiangi CdTe (tae atu ki te 12%) nā te pai o te mimiti mārama. Heoi, ko te āhua whakaputa mate pukupuku o te cadmium me te iti o ngā rahui taiao o te tellurium he wero whanaketanga mō te wā roa.

E kiia ana ko ngā pūtau kiriata angiangi CIGS te heke mai o te hangarau kiriata angiangi tino whai hua. Mā te whakarerekē i te tukanga hanga, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mimiti o te mārama, ka hua ake he pai ake te hurihanga. I tēnei wā, ka eke te pai o te taiwhanga ki te 20.1%, ko ngā hua arumoni ia ka eke ki te 13-14%, koia te mea tino whai hua i waenga i ngā pūtau kiriata angiangi.

Ngā Pūtau o te Whakatipuranga Tuatoru

I roto i te ariā, ka taea e ngā pūtau o te whakatupuranga tuatoru te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai o te hurihanga. Haunga te HCPV, kei te wāhanga rangahau tonu te nuinga. Ko ngā pūtau HCPV e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi haurua-ira III-V, he nui ake te ātete ki te wera me te pupuri i te hua pai o te hurihanga i raro i te māramatanga teitei. Mā ngā hanganga maha-hononga ka taea e ēnei pūtau te taurite tata ki te whānuitanga o te rā, me te hua pai o te ariā tae atu ki te 68%. Ka taea e te whakaputanga arumoni te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai neke atu i te 40%.

Ka whakakōpirihia ngā pūtau pūngao rā ki roto i ngā kōwae, ā, ko ā rātou tono ka whakawhirinaki ki ō rātou āhuatanga me ngā tono a te mākete. Ko ngā tono o mua ko ngā teihana turanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā amiorangi, ā, i muri mai ka horapa ki ngā wāhi noho pēnei i ngā tuanui pūngao rā. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, ko ngā wāhi tāutanga iti me ngā hiahia kiato pūngao teitei i pai ake ai ngā kōwae silicon tioata. I te whanaketanga o ngā tipu hiko pūngao rā nui me ngā photovoltaics whakauru-whare (BIPV), kua piki ake ngā tono pūtau kiriata angiangi nā te whakaaro ki te utu. Ka pāngia hoki te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau rerekē e ngā āhuatanga taiao me te āhuarangi.

Ngā Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Photovoltaic o te Rā

Ko te huri i te hihi o te rā hei hiko e taea ai te whakamahi me whai pūnaha PV rā katoa. Ko ngā pūtau PV rā te tūāpapa o tēnei pūnaha, kei roto hoki ko ngā kaitahuri hiko, ngā pākahiko, ngā pūnaha aroturuki, me ngā pūnaha tohatoha.

Te Whakarōpūtanga me te Hanganga o te Pūnaha PV

Ka whakarōpūtia ngā pūnaha PV pūngao rā ki waho o te whatunga hiko, ki te whatunga here rānei. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha waho o te whatunga hiko te tū motuhake, te whakakotahi rānei.

Ko ngā pūnaha motuhake e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi tūmatanui, i ngā teihana whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā rama tiriti o te rā, e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ki te pūngao o te rā. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā kōwae rā, ngā inverters, ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā pākahiko, ngā pūnaha tohatoha, me te tiaki uira. He nui te pānga o ngā pākahiko me ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te utu me te roa o te pūnaha. Ka whakakotahi ngā pūnaha ranu i te pūngao o te rā me ētahi atu puna pēnei i ngā kaihanga hiko tīhiera, i ngā tāwhana hau rānei.

Ko ngā pūnaha here-pūnaha, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā tuanui pūngao rā me ngā tipu hiko PV nui, kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu rokiroki, ka whakaiti i ngā utu. Kei roto i ēnei pūnaha ngā kōwae pūngao rā, ngā inverters, ngā pūnaha tohatoha, te tiaki uira, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki. I tēnei wā, e 80% o ngā tono pūngao rā katoa e whakamahia ana e ngā pūnaha here-pūnaha.

Ngā Hangarau Whakaputa Hiko PV kē atu

Haunga te hangarau pūtau PV o te rā, he mea nui te hangarau inverter, te whakaurunga whatunga, te rokiroki, me te aroturuki atamai mō ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko PV:

Ka rerekē te kaha whakaputa o te pūtau rā i runga i te kaha o te hihi o te rā, ka puta he wā poto. Ka pā pea te whakaurunga whatunga nui ki te whatunga, ka nui ai te hiranga o te whakahaere whatunga me te tiaki i ngā moutere.
Ko te putanga o te waeine rā he iahiko tika (DC), me tahuri ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC) mā roto i ngā kaitahuri.
Ka pāngia te putanga mana o te kōwae e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana me te atarangi, e hiahiatia ai te aroturukitanga o te pūnaha me ngā pūnaha whakaoho.
He mea nui te hangarau mana mamao mō ngā tipu hiko PV i ngā rohe tūmatanui.
Ko Haina te kaiārahi i roto i te hanga waeine pūngao rā i runga i te kounga me te tauine. Ko ngā wāhanga whai hua nui i roto i te mekameka ahumahi ko te purenga silicon, ngā inverters, ngā pūnaha aroturuki, me te hanga taputapu PV. Ko te whakatutuki i ngā putanga hou i roto i ēnei wāhanga matua he wero mō te ahumahi PV o Haina.

Te Tūnga o Nāianei me ngā Tūmanako ā-Mārama mō te Whakaputa Hiko Pūngao Rā