Kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā pūnaha rokiroki hiko o te rā mō ngā kāinga atamai i ngā tau kua taha ake nei. Ka taea te tuku hiko matomato ki te whānau i te ao, i te pō rānei, ā, mā te hiko o te rā, kāore koe e manukanuka ki ngā utu hiko taumata teitei. Mā tēnei ka penapena moni koe i runga i tō pire hiko, ā, ka whakarite kia pai te kounga o te oranga o te katoa.
I te awatea, ka kohia e te pūnaha rokiroki hiko PV kāinga te hiko o te rā, ā, ka rongoa aunoa kia taea ai te whakamahi e te kawenga i te pō. Mēnā ka mate ohorere te hiko, ka taea e te pūnaha te huri tere ki tētahi pūtake hiko tārua hei whakarite kia mahi tonu ngā rama, ngā taputapu, me ētahi atu taputapu katoa. Ka taea te utu i te pākahiko i roto i te pūnaha rokiroki hiko kāinga i a ia anō ina kore te hiko e whakamahia. Mā tēnei, ka taea te whakamahi ina mate te hiko, ina tino hiahiatia rānei te hiko. Ka taea te whakamahi i te taputapu rokiroki hiko kāinga hei pūtake hiko tārua mēnā ka pā mai he āhuatanga kino. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakataurite i te kawenga o te whakamahinga hiko, e penapena ana i te moni a te whānau i ā rātou pire hiko. He rite te mahi a te pūnaha rokiroki hiko PV kāinga atamai ki tētahi teihana hiko rokiroki hiko iti, ā, kāore e pāngia e te ahotea o te whatunga hiko i roto i ngā tāone nui.
He tohu pātai mā ngā tohunga?
He aha ngā momo wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha rokiroki hiko PV kāinga kaha pēnei, ā, he aha te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki a ia kia mahi ai? He aha ngā momo otinga rokiroki hiko PV kāinga kei reira? He aha te mea nui kia whiriwhiria te pūnaha rokiroki hiko PV kāinga tika?
Ngā "Hēkona" o te Mātauranga CEM
He aha te pūnaha rokiroki hiko PV mō te kāinga?
He pūnaha rokiroki hiko photovoltaic kāinga he mea hanga mai i tētahi pūnaha whakawhiti hiko photovoltaic o te rā me tētahi pūnaha taputapu rokiroki hiko. Ka taea e ia te penapena i te hiko i hangaia e te rā. Mā tēnei momo whakaritenga, ka taea e te tangata te hanga hiko i te awatea, ā, ka penapena i te toenga hei whakamahi i te pō, i te wā rānei kāore i te nui te māramatanga.
Te whakarōpū i ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao PV kāinga ki ngā rōpū
I tēnei wā, e rua ngā momo pūnaha rokiroki hiko kāinga: ko ērā e herea ana ki te whatunga hiko, me ērā kāore e herea.
Otinga rokiroki hiko hono-pūnaha mō te kāinga
E rima ngā wāhanga matua o ngā panera hiko o te rā, ngā kaitahuri hiko e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko, he pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS), me ngā kawenga AC. Ka mahi tahi ngā panera PV me te pūnaha rokiroki hiko hei whakakaha i te taputapu. Ina kā te hiko ratonga, ka whakakaha te pūnaha hono whatunga hiko PV me te hiko ratonga i te kawenga. Ina mate te hiko ratonga, ka whakakaha ngātahi te pūnaha hono whatunga hiko PV me te pūnaha rokiroki hiko i te kawenga. E toru ngā huarahi ka taea e te pūnaha rokiroki hiko kāinga e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko te mahi: Aratau 1: Ka penapena te PV i te hiko ka tukuna te hiko tāpiri ki te Ipurangi; Aratau 2: Ka penapena te PV i te hiko ka āwhina i te kaiwhakamahi ki ētahi o ā rātou hiahia hiko; me te Aratau 3: Ka penapena noa te PV i ētahi o te hiko.
Tikanga penapena hiko i waho o te whatunga hiko i te kāinga
Ka taea e te inverter PV te mahi nā te mea he motuhake mai i te whatunga hiko, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia honoa ki reira. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, kāore te pūnaha katoa e hiahia ki tētahi kaitahuri e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko. E toru ngā momo mahi a te pūnaha rokiroki hiko kāinga kore-whatunga. I te aratau 1, ka whakaratohia e te PV te rokiroki hiko me te hiko kaiwhakamahi i ngā rā paki. I te aratau 2, ka whakaratohia e te PV me te pākahiko rokiroki te hiko kaiwhakamahi i ngā rā kapua. Ā, i te aratau 3, ka whakaratohia e te pākahiko rokiroki te hiko kaiwhakamahi i ngā rā pōuri me te ua.
He rite te inverter ki te roro me te ngākau o tētahi pūnaha rokiroki hiko kāinga. Kāore e taea te wehe i te pūnaha, ahakoa he hononga ki te whatunga hiko, kāore rānei.
He kupu anō kei te wātea mō tēnei?
He wāhanga noa te inverter o ngā pūnaha hiko. Ka taea e ia te huri i te mana DC (mai i ngā pākahiko, i ngā pākahiko rahui rānei) ki te mana AC (220v50HZ sine, ngaru tapawhā rānei). Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mīhini te inverter e huri ana i te au tika (DC) ki te au rerekē (AC). Kei roto he piriti kaitahuri, he arorau whakahaere, me te ara iahiko tātari. Ko ngā diode whakatikatika me ngā thyristors he wāhanga noa e rua. He maha ngā rorohiko me ngā taputapu kāinga he whakatikatika (DC ki AC) kei roto i ā rātou pūtake hiko. Ka kiia ēnei he inverters.
He aha te mea e tino hira ai ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i te pūnaha?
He pai ake te mahi a te tuku hiko AC i te tuku hiko DC, ā, e whakamahia ana hei tuku hiko ki ngā wāhi maha. Ka taea e koe te kimi i te nui o te hiko e ngaro ana i te iahiko tuku o te waea mā te whakamahi i te whārite P=I2R, arā, "mana = tapawhā o te ātete iahiko." Hei whakaiti i te ngaronga hiko, me whakaiti e koe te iahiko tuku o te waea, tōna ātete rānei. He uaua ki te whakaiti i te ātete o ngā raina tuku (pēnei i ngā waea parahi) nā te mea he nui te moni e pau ana, ā, he nui te mōhiotanga pūtaiao e hiahiatia ana. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te huarahi whai hua anake ko te whakaiti i te mana tuku. Mana = Iahiko x Ngaohiko, he tika ake rānei, te mana whai hua = IUcosφ. Hei penapena hiko, ka taea te whakaheke i te iahiko i roto i ngā raina mā te huri i te iahiko tika ki te iahiko tauutuutu me te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko o te whatunga.
Waihoki, ka whakamahia e te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic o te rā ngā panera photovoltaic hei hanga pūngao DC. Heoi, he maha ngā kawenga e hiahia ana ki te pūngao AC. He raruraru kei roto i ngā pūnaha pūtake hiko DC. Ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te whakarerekē i te ngaohiko, ā, he iti noa ngā kawenga ka taea te whakamahi. Me whakamahi ngā kaitahuri katoa, engari ko ētahi kawenga hiko, hei whakarerekē i te mana DC ki te mana AC. Ko te kaitahuri photovoltaic te wāhanga tino nui o te pūnaha hiko photovoltaic o te rā. Ka hurihia te mana DC mai i te kōwae photovoltaic ki te mana AC, ka tukuna ki te kawenga, ki te pūtake hiko rānei, ā, ka tiakina ngā hikohiko mana. Ko ngā kōwae mana, ngā papa ara iahiko whakahaere, ngā kaiwawao ara iahiko, ngā tātari, ngā tauhohenga, ngā whakawhiti, ngā whakapā, ngā kāpata, me ētahi atu wāhanga e hanga ana i te kaitahuri PV. Ko te tukatuka-mua o ngā wāhanga hiko, te huihuinga mīhini, te whakamātautau, te tākai mīhini, me ētahi atu mahi e hanga ana i te tukanga whakaputa. Ko te tipu o ēnei mahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ahunga whakamua i roto i te hangarau hikohiko mana, te hangarau taputapu semiconductor, me te hangarau whakahaere hou.
Ngā Momo Rerekē o ngā Inverters
Ka taea te wehewehe i te inverter ki ēnei rōpū e toru:
1. He hononga whakawhiti ki te whatunga hiko
Haunga te huri i te DC ki te AC, ka taea e te kaitahuri hono-pūnaha te tukutahi i tana AC putanga ki te auau me te āhua o te mana whakahaere. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea te whakahoki i te AC putanga ki te mana whakahaere. Arā, ka taea e te kaitahuri hono-pūnaha te hono ki te raina whakahaere i roto i te huarahi tukutahi. Ka taea e tēnei kaitahuri te tuku hiko kāore e whakamahia ana ki te pūnahi me te kore he pākahiko, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i tana ara iahiko whakauru ki te hangarau MTTP.
2. Ngā kaitahuri kāore e hiahiatia kia honoa ki te whatunga hiko
Ko ngā kaitahuri hiko kore-pūnaha, e honoa ana ki ngā panera hiko rā, ki ngā tāpoi hau iti, ki ētahi atu pūtake hiko DC rānei, ka huri i te hiko DC ki te hiko AC ka taea e te kāinga te whakamahi. Ka taea hoki e rātou te whakakaha i ngā kawenga ki te pūngao mai i te whatunga hiko me ngā pākahiko. Ka kiia ko "kore-pūnaha" nā te mea kāore e hono atu ki te whatunga hiko, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he pūtake hiko o waho.
Ko ngā kaitahuri hiko kore-pūnaha ngā pūnaha tuatahi e whakamahia ana e te pākahiko e āhei ai ngā whatunga iti ki te mahi i roto i ngā wāhi motuhake. Ka taea e te kaitahuri hiko kore-pūnaha te penapena pūngao me te huri i te pūngao ki ētahi atu āhua. Kei roto ko ngā tāurunga iahiko, ngā tāurunga DC, ngā tāurunga utu tere, ngā putanga DC kaha-teitei, me ngā putanga AC tere. Ka whakamahia e ia he pūmanawa whakahaere hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga tāuru me te putanga kia pai ai te mahi a ngā pūtake pēnei i ngā panera rā, i ngā mira hau iti rānei. Ka whakamahia hoki e ia he putanga ngaru sine parakore hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te pūngao.
He mea nui ngā pākahiko mō ngā pūnaha hiko pūngao kore-pūngao nā te mea ka rongoa e rātou te pūngao ka taea te whakamahi ina motu te hiko, ina kore rānei he hiko. Ka āwhina hoki ngā kaitahuri kore-pūngao i a koe kia iti ake te whakawhirinaki ki te pūngao matua, ka puta ai ngā motuhanga hiko, ngā pōuri, me ētahi atu raruraru kāore e taea e ngā kamupene te whakatika.
He pūmana hiko PWM, MPPT rānei ā-roto kei roto i tētahi pūmana hiko PWM, MPPT rānei e taea ai e te kaiwhakamahi te hono i ngā tāurunga PV ki te pūmana hiko, me te kite i te tūnga PV i runga i te whakaaturanga o te pūmana hiko. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te whakatū me te tirotiro i te pūnaha. Ka whakamātauhia e ngā pūmana hiko kore-pūnaha i roto i ngā miihini me ngā pākahiko tārua kia mau tonu ai te kounga o te hiko. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana ngā pūmana hiko iti hei whakakaha i ngā taputapu kāinga, ko ngā pūmana hiko teitei te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei whakakaha i ngā kaupapa pakihi me ngā kaupapa tūmataiti.
3. Pūwhakahuri Ranu
E rua ngā momo matua o ngā kaitahuri ranu: ko tētahi he kaitahuri kore-whatunga me te kaiwhakahaere utu pūngao rā kua whakauruhia ki roto, ko tētahi he kaitahuri kei runga i te whatunga me te kore-whatunga ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic hono-whatunga me te kore-whatunga, ā, ka taea te whakarite i ngā pākahiko i roto i ngā huarahi maha.
Ngā mahi whānui a te whakawhiti hiko
1. Ngā mahi mō te whakahaere me te whakaweto aunoa
I te roanga o te rā, me te piki haere o te koki o te rā, ka piki haere hoki te kaha o ngā hihi o te rā. Ka taea e te pūnaha PV te tango i te kaha o te rā, ā, ina tae ki te taumata mana putanga e hiahiatia ana kia mahi ai te inverter, ka taea e ia te tīmata ki te whakahaere i a ia anō. Ka mutu tana mahi, ka uru ki te aratau moe ina he 0, he tata rawa rānei ki te 0 te putanga o te inverter whatunga/rokiroki. Ka puta tēnei ina heke te mana putanga o te pūnaha PV.
2. Te mahi a te pānga ārai-moutere
Ko te tukanga whakaputa hiko photovoltaic e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko, te pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, me te whakahaere o te whatunga hiko. Ina hinga te whatunga hiko tūmatanui, ina rerekē rānei tana whanonga, ka puta te pānga moutere mena kāore e taea e te pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic te mutu te mahi i te wā tika, ka momotu rānei i te pūnaha hiko engari kei te mau tonu te hiko. He kino mō te pūnaha PV me te pūtake hiko ina he moutere hiko.
He ara iahiko ārai-motu ā-roto tō te kaitahuri hiko e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko/pūngao e taea ai te kite atamai i te whatunga hiko i te wā tūturu, tae atu ki te ngaohiko, te auau, me ētahi atu mōhiohio. Mēnā ka kitea he rerekētanga i roto i te whatunga hiko tūmatanui, ka taea e te kaitahuri hiko te whakamahi i ngā uara ine rerekē i te wā tika hei tapahi i te iahiko, hei whakamutu i te putanga, me te ripoata i ngā hapa.
3. Āhuatanga whakahaere mō te aroturuki i te pūwāhi mana mōrahi
Ko te hangarau tino nui o tētahi kaitahuri hiko e hono ana ki te whatunga, ki te rokiroki rānei, ko tana mahi whakahaere aroturuki i ngā pūwāhi mana mōrahi (mahi MPPT). Mā tēnei mahi ka taea e te kaitahuri hiko te kimi me te mātakitaki i te mana putanga teitei rawa atu o ōna wāhanga i te wā tūturu.
He maha ngā mea ka taea te whakarerekē i te mana whakaputa o te pūnaha PV, ā, kāore e taea i ngā wā katoa te pupuri i tōna mana whakaputa pai rawa atu.
Ka taea e te mahi MPPT a te kaitahuri whatunga/rokiroki te aro turuki i te putanga mana teitei rawa atu o ia wāhanga i te wā tūturu. Kātahi ka taea e ia te whakarite atamai i te ngaohiko (iahiko rānei) o te pūnaha kia tata atu ai ki te pūwāhi mana teitei, ka whakanui ake i te mana i whakaputaina e te pūnaha PV, ā, ka whakarite kia taea e ia te mahi tonu me te whai hua.
4. Āhuatanga atamai mō te aroturuki i ngā aho
I runga i te aroturuki MPPT tuatahi, kua oti kē i te kaitahuri rokiroki hiko/hono-pūngao te mahi kimi aho atamai. Ka tirohia tika e te kimi aho te ngaohiko me te iahiko ki ia aho peka, he rerekē ki te aroturuki MPPT. Mā tēnei ka taea e te kaiwhakamahi te kite i ngā raraunga mahi wā-tūturu o ia aho.
Ko ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao e hiahiatia ana e te tangata i tēnei wā ko te pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko BMS, te inverter hono-pūnaha PV, me te inverter rokiroki pūngao. Hei whakatutuki i ēnei hiahia mō ngā taputapu rokiroki pūngao kāinga, me te whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga wehe haumaru o ia ara iahiko waeine pūnaha PV, kua tukuna e Huashengchang he huinga katoa o ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao PV kāinga. Ko te nuinga o ēnei pūnaha he inverter hono-pūnaha me ngā inverter ranu.
