Te Whanaketanga me ngā Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Pūngao Rā Kiriata-Angiangi

Kua puta ake te hangarau photovoltaic kiriata-angiangi (PV) hei peka nui o te whakaputa hiko o te rā, e tuku ana i ngā painga ahurei pēnei i te ngāwari, te hoahoa mama, me te whai hua o te utu. Ko tōna whanaketanga mai i ngā whakamātautau tōmua ki te whakamahinga whānui e whakaata ana i te ara o te auahatanga tonu me te urutau hei whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō te hiko whakahou.

I tīmata te pūtake o te PV kiriata-angiangi i te tekau tau atu i 1970, i ahu mai i te rapu huarahi kē atu i ngā pūtau hiko hiko silicon tioata tuku iho. Nā ngā whanaketanga tōmua, tae atu ki te pūtau hiko silicon kiriata-angiangi tuatahi i whakawhanakehia e Xerox i te tau 1972, i whakatakoto te turanga mō tētahi momo hangarau hiko hiko hou. I te tekau tau atu i 1980, ka noho hei mea arumoni te silicon amorphous (a-Si), nā te iti o ngā utu whakaputa. Ahakoa te iti o te whai huatanga, i kitea e te PV kiriata-angiangi tōna mākete tuatahi nā te utu iti me te kaha ki te whakarahi ake.

I te tekau tau atu i 1990, he wā nui te hangarau kiriata angiangi i te whakaurunga mai o ngā rauemi matatau pēnei i te copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) me te cadmium telluride (CdTe). Nā ēnei auahatanga i whakanui ake te pai o te mahi, ā, i whakatuwhera hoki i ngā tatau ki ngā tono hou. I tū pakari te CIGS mō ōna reiti tahuritanga teitei me tōna ngāwari, ā, he pai mō ngā whakamahinga kanorau, i te mea i rongonui te CdTe mō tōna whai huatanga utu me tōna kaha ki te whakawhanui, inā koa i roto i ngā pāmu rā nui. Nā ēnei whanaketanga i whakakaha te PV kiriata angiangi hei huarahi whakataetae ki ngā hangarau rā tuku iho.

I te tekau tau atu i 2000, ka uru te hangarau PV kiriata-angiangi ki tētahi wāhanga o te tipu tere. Nā ngā tikanga hanga me ngā arotakenga rauemi i whakaiti i ngā utu, i whakakaha ake ai te tono o te ao. I whakawhānui ake ngā kaitākaro nui o te ahumahi i te whakaputanga, ā, i piki ake te rongonui o te hangarau PV kiriata-angiangi i roto i ngā kaupapa pūngao rā nui. Nā te ngāwari o te hangarau i pai ai mō ngā tono rerekē, mai i ngā tuanui ki ngā pāmu pūngao rā.

I ēnei rā, kei te tipu haere tonu te PV angiangi, e tohuhia ana e ngā auahatanga rauemi kanorau me ngā whakamahinga motuhake. Kei te mau tonu te uara o te silicon amorphous i roto i ngā āhuatanga mārama iti me ngā mākete motuhake, pērā i te Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) me ngā taputapu kawe. I taua wā, he tino pai te CIGS i roto i ngā tono tino whai hua e hiahia ana ki te ngāwari, ā, ko te CdTe te rangatira o ngā whakaurunga nui nā te mea he utu iti. Nā ēnei whanaketanga kua whakanohohia te PV angiangi hei kaiāwhina hihiri ki te whenua pūngao whakahou.

Ko te heke mai o te PV kiriata-angiangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai ake, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, me te whakarei ake i te pumau o te taiao. Kei te rapu tonu ngā rangahau ki te arotau i ngā rauemi pēnei i te CIGS me te CdTe, ko ngā whanaketanga i roto i ngā tukanga hangahanga hoa-taiao e whai ana ki te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao. Kua rite ēnei mahi ki te whakapakari i te whakataetae o te PV kiriata-angiangi me te whakawhānui ake i tōna rongonui puta noa i ngā mākete.

Nā ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te PV kiriata-angiangi kua taea ai te whakauru ki ngā momo tono, mai i ngā pūnaha noho me ngā tuanui ahumahi ki ngā hiko kawe me ngā kaupapa ahuwhenua. Nā tōna ngāwari ka taea te whakauru pai ki ngā hoahoa hoahoa, me te whakakotahi i te ataahua me te whakaputa hiko. I roto i te ahuwhenua, ka tautoko te PV kiriata-angiangi i ngā pūnaha whakamahinga-rua, ka whakarato hiko me te whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga taiao.