Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji yeSolar Photovoltaic

Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye nokwandiswa kweshishini, iindleko zokuveliswa kwamandla nge-photovoltaic (PV) ziyaqhubeka nokwehla, nto leyo ebeka esi sikhundla njengomthombo wamandla obalulekileyo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo kwixesha elizayo.

Izinto eziphambili zeTekhnoloji yePhotovoltaic
Eyona nto iphambili kwitekhnoloji yokuvelisa umbane we-PV yiseli yelanga ye-PV. Uphuhliso lweeseli zelanga ze-PV lunokwahlulwahlulwa lube zizizukulwana ezithathu. Isizukulwana sokuqala siquka iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwi-silicon; isizukulwana sesibini siquka iiseli zelanga ezithambileyo; kwaye isizukulwana sesithathu siquka ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufana neeseli ze-photovoltaic (HCPV) ezixineneyo, iiseli zelanga eziphilayo, iiseli zelanga eziguquguqukayo, kunye neeseli zelanga eziveliswa yidayi. Okwangoku, iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwi-silicon zilawula imarike, ngelixa iiseli zefilimu ezithambileyo zifumana isabelo semarike kancinci kancinci. Uninzi lweeseli zesizukulwana sesithathu, ngaphandle kwe-HCPV, zisekwisigaba sophando.

Iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwiSilicon

Phakathi kweeseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwisilicon, iteknoloji yesilicon e-monocrystalline yeyona ivuthiweyo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko zezi seli zichatshazelwa kakhulu yinkqubo yokwenziwa, equka amanyathelo anjengokuphoswa kwe-ingot, ukunqunyulwa kwe-wafer, ukusasazeka, ukuthungwa, ukuprintwa kwesikrini, kunye nokusinta. Iiseli zelanga eziveliswa ngale nkqubo yesiqhelo zihlala zifikelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric kwe-16-18%.

Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezi-monocrystalline zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuguquleni kodwa zikwabiza kakhulu. Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezi-polycrystalline zibonelela ngokunciphisa iindleko ngokuvelisa ngokuthe ngqo ii-ingots ze-silicon ezinkulu ezisikwere ezifanelekileyo ukuvelisa ngobuninzi. Le nkqubo ilula, igcina amandla, igcina izinto ze-silicon, kwaye ifuna umgangatho ophantsi wezinto.

Ukunciphisa iindleko zeeseli zelanga kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto (umz., ukunciphisa ubukhulu be-silicon wafer) kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa. Iindlela zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ziquka ukwandisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya (umz., ukuthungwa komphezulu, ukugcoba okuthintela ukukhanya, ukunciphisa ububanzi be-electrode yangaphambili), ukunciphisa ukuphinda kuhlanganiswe kwezinto ezithwala i-photogenerated (umz., ukudlula kwe-emitter), kunye nokunciphisa ukumelana (umz., i-doping yendawo, iteknoloji yentsimi yomphezulu wangasemva).

Eyona ndlela iphezulu yokuguqula iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezi-monocrystalline yi-24.7%, efunyenwe yi-PERL structure solar cell evela kwiYunivesithi yaseNew South Wales. Iimpawu eziphambili zobuchwepheshe ziquka uxinano oluphantsi lwe-phosphorus doping kumphezulu we-silicon ukunciphisa ukuphinda-phinda komphezulu, ukusasazeka okuphezulu koxinano phantsi kwee-electrode zangaphambili nangasemva ukwenza unxibelelwano oluhle lwe-ohmic, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-photolithography ukunciphisa ii-electrode zangaphambili, okwandisa indawo yokufunxa ukukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchwephesha abukakasetyenziswa njengeshishini.

Ezinye iindlela zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ziquka iiseli zeBP Solar ezifakwe umphezulu kunye netekhnoloji yokunxibelelana emva (EWT). Eyokuqala ifumana ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-18.3% ngokusebenzisa i-laser grooving, enciphisa ububanzi bee-electrode zangaphambili kwaye yonyusa ukufunxwa kokukhanya. Eyokugqibela ifumana ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-21.3% ngokuzisa ii-electrode zangaphambili ngasemva, oko kwandisa indawo efunxa ukukhanya.

Iiseli zelanga ezinefilimu encinci

Nangona iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezikristale zilawula ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu, ukunciphisa iindleko zazo kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lezinto ze-silicon. Iiseli zelanga ze-Thin-film, ezisebenzisa izinto ezincinci, ziye zavela njengendlela engabizi kakhulu. Iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli ze-thin-film ziquka iiseli ze-thin-film ezisekelwe kwi-silicon, iiseli ze-cadmium telluride (CdTe), kunye neeseli ze-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

Iiseli zefilimu ezinciphileyo ezisekwe kwisilicon zinobukhulu obuzii-micrometer ezimbini kuphela, zisebenzisa malunga ne-1.5% yezinto zesilicon ezifunekayo kwiiseli ze-silicon ezikristale. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani lee-PN junctions, ezi seli zinokuba yi-single-junction, i-double-junction, okanye i-multi-junction, nganye inokukwazi ukufunxa amaza okukhanya kwelanga ahlukeneyo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kweeseli ze-single-junctions kumalunga ne-7%, ngelixa iiseli ze-double-junction zinokufikelela kwi-10%.

Iiseli ze-CdTe thin-film zibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12%) ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezilungileyo zokufunxa ukukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, i-cadmium ebangela umhlaza kunye nokugcinwa kwendalo okulinganiselweyo kwe-tellurium kuzisa imingeni yophuhliso lwexesha elide.

Iiseli ze-CIGS ezinciphileyo zithathwa njengekamva lobuchwepheshe be-thin-film obusebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ngokulungisa inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukufunxwa kwazo kokukhanya kunokuphuculwa, okukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuguqula. Okwangoku, ukusebenza kakuhle kwelabhoratri kufikelela kwi-20.1%, ngelixa iimveliso zorhwebo zifikelela kwi-13-14%, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe zezona zisebenza kakuhle phakathi kweeseli ze-thin-film.

Iiseli zeSizukulwana Sesithathu

Ngokwethiyori, iiseli zesizukulwana sesithathu zinokufikelela kwiziphumo zokuguqulwa okuphezulu. Ngaphandle kwe-HCPV, uninzi lusekwinqanaba lophando. Iiseli ze-HCPV zihlala zisebenzisa izixhobo ze-semiconductor ze-III-V, ezinokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwaye zigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa phantsi kokukhanya okuphezulu. Izakhiwo ze-multi-junction zivumela ezi seli ukuba zihambelane ne-solar spectrum ngokusondeleyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwethiyori ukuya kuthi ga kwi-68%. Imveliso yezorhwebo inokufikelela kwiziphumo zokuguqulwa ezingaphezulu kwe-40%.

Iiseli zelanga zifakwe kwiimodyuli, kwaye usetyenziso lwazo luxhomekeke kwiimpawu zazo kunye neemfuno zemarike. Usetyenziso lwangaphambili lwaluquka izikhululo zonxibelelwano kunye neesathelayithi, kamva zanda zaya kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifana nophahla lwelanga. Kule meko, iindawo zokufakelwa ezilinganiselweyo kunye neemfuno zoxinano lwamandla aphezulu zathandwa ziimodyuli ze-silicon zekristale. Ngophuhliso lwezityalo zamandla elanga ezinkulu kunye nee-photovoltaics ezidibeneyo zokwakha (BIPV), ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko kukhokelele ekwandeni kokusetyenziswa kweeseli zefilimu encinci. Iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nemozulu nazo zinefuthe ekwamkelweni kobuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweTekhnoloji yeSolar Photovoltaic

Ukuguqula imitha yelanga ibe ngumbane osebenzisekayo kufuna inkqubo epheleleyo ye-PV yelanga. Iiseli ze-PV zelanga zenza isiseko sale nkqubo, ekwaquka ii-inverters, iibhetri, iinkqubo zokubeka esweni, kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza.

Uhlu lweNkqubo yePV kunye noBume bayo

Iinkqubo zelanga ze-PV zihlelwa njenge-off-grid okanye i-grid-tied. Iinkqubo ze-off-grid zinokuba zezodwa okanye ezixutyiweyo.

Iinkqubo ezizimeleyo zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikude, kwizikhululo zonxibelelwano, nakwizibane zesitalato zelanga, zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumandla elanga. Ziquka iimodyuli zelanga, ii-inverters, ii-controllers, iibhetri, iinkqubo zokusasaza, kunye nokukhusela umbane. Iibhetri kunye nee-controllers zichaphazela kakhulu iindleko zenkqubo kunye nobomi bayo. Iinkqubo ze-hybrid zidibanisa amandla elanga kunye neminye imithombo efana neejenereyitha zedizili okanye ii-wind turbines.

Iinkqubo ezibotshelelwe kwigridi, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiphahla zelanga kunye nezikhululo zamandla zePV ezinkulu, azidingi zixhobo zokugcina izinto, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko. Ezi nkqubo ziquka iimodyuli zelanga, ii-inverters, iinkqubo zokusasaza, ukhuseleko lombane, kunye neenkqubo zokubeka esweni. Okwangoku, iinkqubo ezibotshelelwe kwigridi zithatha i-80% yazo zonke izicelo zelanga.

Ezinye iiTekhnoloji zokuVelisa umbane ze-PV

Ngaphandle kwetekhnoloji ye-solar PV cell, itekhnoloji ye-inverter, ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi, indawo yokugcina, kunye nokubeka esweni ngobuchule kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa umbane ze-PV:

Amandla okukhupha iiseli zelanga ayahluka ngokwemitha yelanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ikhefu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi enkulu kunokuchaphazela igridi, nto leyo eyenza ulawulo lwegridi kunye nokukhuselwa kweziqithi kube yimfuneko.
Isiphumo semodyuli yelanga yi-direct current (DC), efuna ukuguqulwa komgangatho ophezulu ukuya kwi-alternating current (AC) ngee-inverters.
Ukuphuma kwamandla emodyuli kunokuchaphazeleka zizinto ezifana nobushushu kunye nomthunzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekwe iliso kwinkqubo kunye neenkqubo ze-alamu.
Itekhnoloji yokulawula kude ibalulekile kwizityalo zamandla ze-PV kwiindawo ezikude.
I-China ikhokela kwimveliso yeemodyuli zelanga ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho kunye nobukhulu. Iindawo ezinenzuzo ephezulu kuluhlu lweshishini ziquka ukucocwa kwe-silicon, ii-inverters, iinkqubo zokubeka esweni, kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ze-PV. Ukufezekisa impumelelo kwezi ndawo zibalulekileyo ngumceli mngeni kwishishini le-PV lase-China.

Imeko yangoku kunye namathemba exesha elizayo okuveliswa kombane welanga we-PV