Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla elanga emakhaya ezikrelekrele ziye zaxhaphaka kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Umbane oluhlaza unokunikwa usapho imini nobusuku, kwaye ngombane welanga, akufuneki ukhathazeke ngamaxabiso aphezulu ombane. Oku kukongela imali kwibhili yakho yombane kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unomgangatho olungileyo wobomi.
Emini, inkqubo yokugcina amandla e-PV yasekhaya iqokelela umbane welanga ize iwugcine ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze usetyenziswe ngumthwalo ebusuku. Ukuba umbane ucima ngequbuliso, inkqubo ingatshintshela ngokukhawuleza kumthombo wamandla ongezelelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izibane, izixhobo, kunye nezinye izixhobo zihlala zisebenza njengoko kufanele. Ibhetri ekwinkqubo yokugcina amandla yasekhaya inokutshajwa yodwa xa umbane ungasetyenziswa. Ngale ndlela, ingasetyenziswa xa umbane ucima okanye xa umbane ufuneka kakhulu. Isixhobo sokugcina amandla sasekhaya singasetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla ongezelelweyo xa kwenzeka intlekele. Ingalinganisela nomthwalo wokusetyenziswa kombane, nto leyo egcina imali kusapho kwiibhili zalo zombane. Inkqubo yokugcina amandla e-PV yasekhaya ekrelekrele isebenza njengesikhululo samandla esincinci sokugcina amandla kwaye ayichaphazeleki luxinzelelo lwegridi yamandla ezixekweni.
Uphawu lombuzo kwiingcali?
Zeziphi iintlobo zeendawo ezinazo inkqubo yokugcina amandla ye-PV yasekhaya enamandla kangaka, kwaye ixhomekeke entwenini ukuze isebenze? Zeziphi iintlobo zezisombululo zokugcina amandla ze-PV yasekhaya ezikhoyo? Kutheni kubalulekile ukukhetha inkqubo yokugcina amandla ye-PV yasekhaya efanelekileyo?
"Imizuzwana" yokwazi indlela ye-CEM
Yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla e-PV ekhayeni?
Inkqubo yokugcina amandla e-photovoltaic yasekhaya yenziwe ngenkqubo yokuguqula i-photovoltaic yelanga kunye nenkqubo yezixhobo zokugcina amandla. Ingagcina umbane oveliswa lilanga. Ngolu hlobo lokuseta, abantu banokwenza umbane emini baze bagcine owongezelelweyo ukuze bawusebenzise ebusuku okanye xa kungekho kukhanya kuninzi.
Ukuhlela iinkqubo zokugcina amandla e-PV zasekhaya ngokwamaqela
Okwangoku, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeenkqubo zokugcina amandla emakhaya: ezo zibotshelelwe kwigridi kunye nezo zingabotshelelwanga kuyo.
Isisombululo sokugcina amandla esiqhagamshelwe kwigridi yekhaya
Iiphaneli zelanga, ii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri (i-BMS), kunye nemithwalo ye-AC zenza iindawo zayo ezintlanu eziphambili. Iiphaneli ze-PV kunye nenkqubo yokugcina amandla zisebenza kunye ukunika amandla isixhobo. Xa amandla ombane evuliwe, zombini inkqubo eqhagamshelwe kwigridi ye-PV kunye namandla ombane ombane zinika amandla umthwalo. Xa amandla ombane ecima, zombini inkqubo eqhagamshelwe kwigridi ye-PV kunye nenkqubo yokugcina amandla zinika amandla umthwalo kunye. Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisebenza ngazo inkqubo yokugcina amandla yasekhaya eqhagamshelwe kwigridi: Indlela 1: I-PV igcina amandla kwaye ithumela amandla ongezelelweyo kwi-Intanethi; Indlela 2: I-PV igcina amandla kwaye inceda umsebenzisi ngezinye zeemfuno zakhe zombane; kunye neNdlela 3: I-PV igcina kuphela amanye amandla.
Indlela yokugcina umbane ngaphandle kwegridi ekhaya
I-inverter ye-PV ingasebenza kuba yahlukile kwigridi kwaye ayifuni kudityaniswa nayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke inkqubo ayifuni siguquli esiqhagamshelwe kwigridi. Inkqubo yokugcina amandla ekhaya engaphandle kwegridi ineendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Kwimo yoku-1, i-PV ibonelela ngogcino lwamandla kunye nombane womsebenzisi ngeentsuku ezinelanga. Kwimo yoku-2, i-PV kunye nebhetri yokugcina zibonelela ngombane womsebenzisi ngeentsuku ezinamafu. Kwaye kwimo yoku-3, ibhetri yokugcina ibonelela ngombane womsebenzisi ngeentsuku ezimnyama nezinemvula.
I-inverter ifana nengqondo nentliziyo yenkqubo yokugcina amandla yasekhaya. Ayinakwahlulwa kwinkqubo, nokuba ibotshelelwe kwigridi okanye akunjalo.
Ngaba kukho igama elichaza oku?
I-inverter yinxalenye eqhelekileyo yeenkqubo zamandla. Ingatshintsha amandla e-DC (ukusuka kwiibhetri okanye iibhetri ezigciniweyo) ibe ngamandla e-AC (220v50HZ sine okanye i-square wave). Ngamafutshane, i-inverter ngumatshini otshintsha i-direct current (DC) ibe yi-alternating current (AC). Kukho i-converter bridge, i-control logic, kunye ne-filter circuit kuyo. Ii-Rectifier diodes kunye ne-thyristors ziindawo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo. Uninzi lweekhompyutha kunye nezixhobo zasekhaya zine-rectifiers (DC ukuya kwi-AC) ezakhelwe kwizixhobo zazo zamandla. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-inverters.
Yintoni eyenza ii-transformers zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo?
Uthumelo lwe-AC lusebenza ngcono kunothumelo lwe-DC kwaye lusetyenziselwa ukuthumela amandla kwiindawo ezininzi. Ungafumanisa ukuba angakanani amandla alahlekayo ngumbane othunyelelweyo wentambo ngokusebenzisa i-equation P=I2R, emele "amandla = isikwere sokumelana kwangoku." Ukuze unciphise ukulahleka kwamandla, kufuneka wehlise umbane othunyelelweyo wentambo okanye ukumelana kwawo. Kunzima ukwehlisa ukumelana kwemigca yothumelo (njengeentambo zobhedu) kuba kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kufuna ulwazi oluninzi lwesayensi. Oku kuthetha ukuba eyona ndlela isebenzayo kukunciphisa amandla othunyelelweyo. Amandla = Umbane x I-Voltage, okanye ngakumbi, amandla asebenzayo = IUcosφ. Ukonga amandla, umbane kwimigca ungawiswa ngokutshintsha umbane othe ngqo uye kumbane otshintshanayo kunye nokunyusa umbane wegridi.
Ngendlela efanayo, imveliso yamandla e-photovoltaic yelanga isebenzisa iiphaneli ze-photovoltaic ukwenza amandla e-DC. Nangona kunjalo, imithwalo emininzi ifuna amandla e-AC. Kukho iingxaki ezithile kwiinkqubo zamandla e-DC. Akulula ukutshintsha i-voltage, kwaye imithwalo enokusetyenziswa inqunyelwe. Yonke imithwalo, ngaphandle kwemithwalo yamandla athile, kufuneka isebenzise ii-inverters ukutshintsha amandla e-DC abe ngamandla e-AC. I-photovoltaic converter yeyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yamandla e-photovoltaic yelanga. Iguqula amandla e-DC ukusuka kwi-photovoltaic module ibe ngamandla e-AC, emva koko athunyelwa kumthwalo okanye kumthombo wamandla kwaye akhusele ii-electronics zamandla. Iimodyuli zamandla, iibhodi zesekethe zolawulo, ii-circuit breakers, izihluzi, ii-reactors, ii-transformers, ii-contactors, iikhabhinethi, kunye nezinye iindawo zenza i-PV inverter. Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kweendawo ze-elektroniki, ukuhlanganiswa komatshini, uvavanyo, ukupakisha komatshini, kunye namanye amanyathelo enza inkqubo yemveliso. Ukukhula kwala manyathelo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubela phambili eyenziweyo kubuchwepheshe be-electronics zamandla, iteknoloji yesixhobo se-semiconductor, kunye netekhnoloji yokulawula yanamhlanje.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-Inverters
I-Inverter ingahlulwahlulwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amathathu:
1. I-inverter iqhagamshelwe kwigridi
Ngaphandle kokutshintsha i-DC ibe yi-AC, i-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi inokuvumelanisa i-AC yayo yokuphuma kunye ne-frequency kunye nesigaba samandla ombane. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-AC yokuphuma inokubuyiselwa kumandla ombane. Ngamanye amazwi, i-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi inokunxibelelana nomgca wombane ngendlela ehambelanayo. Le inverter inokuthumela amandla angasetyenziswanga kwigridi ngaphandle kweebhetri, kwaye isekethe yayo yokufaka ingenziwa ukuba isebenze ngetekhnoloji ye-MTTP.
2. Ii-inverters ezingadingi kudityaniswa kwigridi
Ii-inverters ezingasebenzi kwigridi, ezidla ngokuncamathiselwa kwiiphaneli zelanga, ii-wind turbines ezincinci, okanye ezinye imithombo yamandla e-DC, zitshintsha amandla e-DC abe ngamandla e-AC anokusetyenziswa likhaya. Zinokunika amandla imithwalo ngamandla avela kwigridi kunye neebhetri. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-"off-grid" kuba ayiqhagamshelwa kwigridi yamandla kwaye ayidingi mthombo wamandla wangaphandle.
Ii-inverters ezingasebenzi kwigridi ziinkqubo zokuqala ezisebenzisa ibhetri ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ii-microgrids zisebenze kwiindawo ezithile. I-inverter engasebenzi kwigridi ingagcina amandla ize iwatshintshe ibe zezinye iindlela. Ine-inputs zangoku, ii-inputs ze-DC, ii-inputs zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, ii-DC outputs ezinomthamo ophezulu, kunye nee-AC outputs ezikhawulezayo. Isebenzisa isoftware yokulawula ukutshintsha iimeko zokungenisa kunye neziphumo ukuze imithombo efana neepaneli zelanga okanye ii-wind mills ezincinci zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo kangangoko. Ikwasebenzisa i-pure sine wave output ukuphucula umgangatho wamandla.
I-inverter engasebenzi kwigridi Iibhetri ziyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zelanga ezingasebenzi kwigridi kuba zigcina amandla anokusetyenziswa xa umbane ucima okanye xa kungekho mbane. Ii-inverter ezingasebenzi kwigridi zikwakunceda ukuba ungaxhomekeki kakhulu kwigridi ephambili, nto leyo enokubangela ukucima kombane, ukucima kombane, kunye nezinye iingxaki iinkampani ezingenakuzilungisa.
I-inverter engasebenziyo kwigridi ene-solar charge controller ikwanayo ne-PWM okanye i-MPPT solar controller yangaphakathi evumela umsebenzisi ukuba aqhagamshele ii-PV inputs kwi-solar inverter aze abone imeko ye-PV kwisibonisi se-solar inverter. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuseta nokujonga inkqubo. Ii-inverter ezingasebenziyo kwi-backup engines kunye neebhetri ziyazivavanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamandla uzinzile kwaye ugcwele. Ngelixa ezo zinamandla aphantsi zisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla izixhobo zasekhaya, ezo zinamandla aphezulu zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukunika amandla amashishini kunye neeprojekthi zabucala.
3. I-Inverter yeHybrid
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zee-inverters ezixutyiweyo: enye yi-inverter engekho kwigridi ene-solar charge controller eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kwaye enye yi-inverter ekwigridi kunye ne-off-grid enokusetyenziselwa zombini iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi kunye ne-off-grid kwaye iibhetri zazo zinokusetwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Oko kwenziwa yitransformer ngokubanzi
1. Imisebenzi yokusebenza nokuvala ngokuzenzekelayo
Njengoko imini iqhubeka kwaye i-engile yelanga inyuka kancinci, namandla emitha yelanga ayakhula. Inkqubo ye-PV ingafumana amandla elanga amaninzi, kwaye xa ifikelela kwinqanaba lamandla okukhupha elifunekayo ukuze i-inverter isebenze, inokuqalisa ukusebenza yodwa. Iya kuyeka ukusebenza kwaye iye kwimodi yokulala xa amandla okukhupha e-grid-connected/storage e-inverter eyi-0 okanye isondele kakhulu kwi-0. Oku kwenzeka xa amandla okukhupha enkqubo ye-PV ehla.
2. Umsebenzi wempembelelo yokulwa nokuqhekeka kweziqithi
Inkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic eqhagamshelwe kwigridi, inkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic, kunye nokusebenza kwegridi yenkqubo yamandla. Xa igridi yamandla kawonke-wonke iwa okanye iziphatha ngendlela engaqhelekanga, isiphumo sokuwa kwe-islanding senzeka ukuba inkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ayinakuyeka ukusebenza ngexesha okanye iqhawuke kwinkqubo yamandla kodwa isenamandla. Akubi kwinkqubo ye-PV nakumthombo wamandla xa kukho iziqithi zamandla.
I-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi/ugcino lwamandla inesekethe yokukhusela yangaphakathi yokulwa neziqithi enokuyibona ngobuchule igridi ngexesha langempela kwaye ibandakanye i-voltage, i-frequency, kunye nolunye ulwazi. Ukuba kufunyenwe ukungaqheleki kwigridi kawonkewonke, i-inverter ingasebenzisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo alinganisiweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukucima umbane, ukumisa ukuphuma, kunye nokuxela iimpazamo.
3. Isici solawulo sokulandelela indawo yamandla ephezulu
Eyona teknoloji ibalulekileyo ye-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi okanye kwindawo yokugcina izinto ngumsebenzi wayo wokulawula ukulandelela indawo yamandla aphezulu (umsebenzi we-MPPT). Lo msebenzi uvumela i-inverter ukuba ifumane kwaye ibukele amandla aphezulu okukhupha amalungu ayo ngexesha langempela.
Zininzi izinto ezinokutshintsha amandla okukhupha enkqubo ye-PV, kwaye akunakwenzeka rhoqo ukuyigcina ikwinqanaba layo eliphezulu lokukhupha.
Umsebenzi we-MPPT we-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi/kwindawo yokugcina unokukwazi ukulandelela amandla aphezulu aphumayo kwinxalenye nganye ngexesha langempela. Emva koko unokulungisa ngobuchule i-voltage ye-working point yenkqubo (okanye i-current) ukuze iyisondeze kwindawo yamandla encochoyini, nto leyo eya kwandisa amandla aveliswa yinkqubo ye-PV kwaye iqinisekise ukuba isebenza ngokuqhubekayo nangokufanelekileyo.
4. Isici esikrelekrele sokugcina iliso kwimitya
Ngokusekelwe kulandelelo lokuqala lwe-MPPT, i-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi/ugcino lwamandla sele igqibile umsebenzi wokufumanisa intambo ekrelekrele. Ukufunyanwa kwentambo kujonga ngokuchanekileyo i-voltage kunye nombane kwintambo nganye yesebe, ngokungafaniyo nokulandelela kwe-MPPT. Oku kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba abone idatha yokusebenza ngexesha langempela yentambo nganye.
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla abantu abazifunayo ngoku yinkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri ye-BMS, i-inverter eqhagamshelwe kwigridi ye-PV, kunye ne-inverter yokugcina amandla. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nezi mfuno zezixhobo zokugcina amandla ekhaya kunye nokudibanisa iimpawu zokwahlulwa kokhuseleko kwisekethe nganye yeyunithi yenkqubo ye-PV, iHuashengchang ikhuphe iseti epheleleyo yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla ze-PV ekhaya. Ezi nkqubo ikakhulu ziquka ii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi kunye nee-inverters ezixutyiweyo.
