Makampani opanga mphamvu ya dzuwa akukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhondo zamalonda, mfundo za dziko, mikhalidwe yolumikizira gridi, ndi zina zambiri. Okhazikitsa ndi eni mafakitale akuda nkhawa ndi phindu la malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic (PV), opanga zinthu za dzuwa akuda nkhawa ndi kusowa kwa mfundo zabwino, ndipo opanga malo opangira magetsi a gridi akuopa kukwaniritsa miyezo yaukadaulo. Pomaliza, funso lalikulu lili pa ngati mphamvu ya magetsi ya malo opangira magetsi a PV ingakwaniritse zosowa zogwirira ntchito komanso phindu komanso momwe angapangire magetsi ambiri.
Akatswiri amakampani amanena kuti kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa komwe kukuchitika kumafuna kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, monga kuyang'anira nyengo nthawi yeniyeni, kuzindikira mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi ogawidwa komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito pakati, kusungira mphamvu, kupanga ma inverter anzeru a m'badwo wotsatira, kuyang'anira bwino mphamvu ndi kuwongolera, komanso kuyang'anira uinjiniya, kapangidwe, ntchito, ndi kukonza.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kupanga magetsi a PV kuchokera ku malingaliro a khalidwe la zomangamanga, kapangidwe kake koyenera (monga, ma angles opendekera bwino), ndi zida monga ma module ndi mabokosi ophatikiza.
1. Ubwino wa Kapangidwe
Okhazikitsa ena, chifukwa cha phindu, amachepetsa ndalama zomangira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto azabwino omwe angayambitse kutayika kwa magetsi ndi 3–6%.
Chen Lei, manejala wa New Energy Power Generation Division ku State Grid Smart Research Institute, adagogomezera pamsonkhano kuti makampani ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera bwino kuti apewe kuchedwa kwa ntchito, kusankha zipangizo zoyenera komanso zoyenerera kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili bwino, ndikuchita kukonza ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti malo ochitira PV akuyenda bwino.
Pakuyika makina a PV ogwirizana ndi nyumba, dongosolo lokonzekera zomangamanga ndi njira zowongolera khalidwe ziyenera kukonzedwa. Mapulani omanga ogwirizana ndi njira zotetezera ziyeneranso kupangidwa, ndipo kuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera kuchitike ngati pakufunika kutero.
2. Kapangidwe ka Kukonza Bwino
Cholinga cha kukonza makina ndi kukulitsa kupanga magetsi poyesa zinthu monga kuwala kwa dzuwa, kuwala kowala, kutentha kwa malo ozungulira, momwe mphepo imagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito. Kusowa kwa kapangidwe koyenera m'mafakitale ena a PV kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu yotulutsa magetsi.
Mfundo zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakupanga zinthu ndi izi:
Kuphimba: Kuphimba kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo, kumayambitsa kupsinjika kwa kutentha, komanso kumachepetsa moyo wa ma module. Mitundu ya kuphimba ikuphatikizapo nyumba zozungulira, mitengo, kudziphimba yokha kuchokera ku dongosolo la PV lokha, ndi kuphimba kwakanthawi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha fumbi.
Kuyang'ana ndi Kuwerama: Kuwerengera ngodya yoyenera yowerama ndikofunikira, chifukwa makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi kapena osagwirizana ndi gridi amafunikira mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Pa makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi, ngodya yowerama iyenera kukulitsa mphamvu yamagetsi ya tsiku ndi tsiku pachaka, pomwe makina osagwirizana ndi gridi angayang'anire kwambiri katundu wachilimwe kapena wachisanu.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Nanjing:
Makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi amakwaniritsa mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu pachaka pa ngodya yopendekera ya 25°, pafupifupi 7° yocheperapo kuposa latitude yakomweko.
Machitidwe osakhala ndi gridi amasiyana: pa katundu wachilimwe, ngodya yabwino kwambiri yopendekera ndi 7°, pansi kwambiri pa latitude yapafupi; pa katundu wa m'nyengo yozizira, ndi 46°, yokwera kwambiri kuposa latitude yapafupi; pa katundu wolinganizidwa, ngodya yopendekera ya 42° ndi yofunikira.
3. Zipangizo
Zipangizo zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kupanga magetsi m'mafakitale a PV ndi monga ma solar modules, ma combiner box, ma inverter, ndi zomangamanga za grid.
Ma Module a Dzuwa
Pakusankha ma module ndi kupanga makina, kukonza bwino momwe zinthu zikuyendera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma solar cell a Giredi A ndi Giredi B kungawongolere magwiridwe antchito. Ubwino wa ma module uyenera kutsimikiziridwa, poganizira mosamala zinthu monga latitude, spectrum, kutentha, shading, malo, ndi mawaya, zonse zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a ma module.
Zosinthira
Ma inverter ndi zida zokhazo, kupatula ma module, zomwe zingawongolere mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito bwino magetsi—mwina mpaka 10%. Asanayambe kukhazikitsa, State Grid imalimbikitsa kuchita zoyeserera zoyeserera ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama kudzera mu kupanga magulu m'malo mongotsatira kupanga kotsika mtengo.
Kulumikiza kwa Gridi
Kulumikizana kwa gridi yamagetsi kukupitirirabe kukhala vuto lalikulu kwa makina amphamvu a dzuwa aku China, omwe akadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko. Kusagwirizana pakati pa mapangidwe a makina ndi gridi yamagetsi, komanso nkhani yokhudza kuyamwa kwa gridi yonse, kumalepheretsa magwiridwe antchito. Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuyika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakomweko kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa gridi yamagetsi ndi zomangamanga monga malo ochapira magetsi amagetsi kuti achepetse ndalama zotumizira magetsi.
Kudzera mu kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zomangamanga, kukonza bwino makina, ndi kusankha zida, makampani opanga magetsi a photovoltaic amatha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yopanga magetsi ndikukwaniritsa bwino zofunikira pakugwira ntchito komanso phindu.
