Tare da yaɗuwar makamashin da ake sabuntawa, ƙwayoyin hasken rana sun zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin samar da makamashin kore. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa ba za su san cewa ingancin samar da wutar lantarki da samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin hasken rana yana shafar abubuwa daban-daban ba, mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu shine yanayin haske. To, ta yaya yanayin haske ke shafar wutar lantarki da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa? A yau, za mu yaɗa wannan batu.
1. ƙarfin haske da samar da wutar lantarki
A taƙaice dai, ƙarfin haske shine ƙarfin hasken rana a kowane yanki. Ga ƙwayoyin hasken rana, yawan ƙarfin haske, yawan kuzarin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke karɓa, yawan ƙarfin fitarwarsa. Saboda haka, a ranakun rana masu tsananin hasken rana, ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa yawanci yana da girma.
Yawancin lokaci ana auna ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na tantanin halitta na photovoltaic a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji na yau da kullun a ƙarfin haske na 1000 W/m², wanda shine ƙimar da aka saba amfani da ita a dakunan gwaje-gwaje don kwaikwayon hasken rana mai rana. Lokacin da ƙarfin haske ya ƙaru, ƙarfin hasken rana a cikin tantanin halitta na rana yana ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke ƙara ƙarfin fitarwa; akasin haka, idan ƙarfin haske ya ragu, misali a ranakun girgije ko lokacin faɗuwar rana, ƙarfin da tantanin halitta ke samarwa yana raguwa sosai.
Hasken yana canzawa a tsawon lokacin da rana ke haskakawa. Tun daga farkon safiya, rana tana fitowa a hankali, hasken kuma yana ƙaruwa a hankali; da tsakar rana, hasken yana kaiwa ga mafi girman darajarsa; da rana, yayin da rana ke faɗuwa a hankali a yamma, hasken yana raguwa a hankali har sai faɗuwar rana ta ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan canjin zafin rana yana shafar samar da wutar lantarki ta ƙwayoyin rana kai tsaye a cikin yini.
2. Kusurwar haske da ingancin samar da wutar lantarki
Kusurwar haske kuma za ta yi tasiri sosai ga samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙwayoyin hasken rana. Idan hasken rana ya yi karo a tsaye a saman ƙwayar hasken rana, ƙwayar hasken rana za ta iya shan mafi yawan makamashin haske, don haka mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki; kuma idan hasken rana ya yi duhu, wani ɓangare na hasken zai bayyana, ƙarfin hasken da batirin ke sha yana raguwa, kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki zai ragu daidai gwargwado.
Domin haɓaka ingancin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin halitta, yawancin tsarin hasken rana suna da na'urorin bin diddigin rana waɗanda ke daidaita kusurwar ƙwayoyin PV ta atomatik bisa ga matsayin rana don kiyaye kusurwar da ta fi dacewa ta aukuwa. Wannan fasaha ta yi tasiri wajen ƙara yawan samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin PV.
3. Tasirin tsawon lokacin haske akan samar da wutar lantarki
Tsawon lokacin haske shi ma muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙwayoyin hasken rana. Tsawon lokacin hasken rana a rana, haka nan jimlar wutar lantarki da ƙwayoyin hasken rana za su iya samarwa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a wurare masu tsayi, ƙwayoyin hasken rana suna samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki saboda ƙarancin lokacin hasken hunturu, yayin da a yankunan da ke da tsawon lokacin haske, adadin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a duk shekara ya fi yawa.
Baya ga wannan, canje-canjen yanayi kuma suna shafar lokutan haske. Misali, a lokacin rani, lokacin da kwanaki suka yi tsayi, ƙwayoyin hasken rana suna iya samar da wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci; yayin da a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da kwanaki suka yi gajeru, lokaci da jimlar wutar lantarki da ake samarwa za su ragu ta halitta.
4. Yanayin yanayi da aikin hasken rana
Yanayin yanayi ma na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa. A ƙarƙashin yanayin gajimare da hayaƙi, haskokin rana suna toshewa ta hanyar gajimare ko barbashi da aka dakatar, wanda ke haifar da raguwar adadin kuzarin haske da ƙwayoyin PV ke samu, kuma ƙarfin da ake samarwa zai ragu sosai. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara na iya shafar shan haske ta hanyar bangarorin PV, wanda ke rage aikin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin.
Abin sha'awa, aikin ƙwayoyin PV ba wai kawai ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin hasken rana ba, wani lokacin hasken rana mai ƙarfi ba zai zama abu mai kyau ba. Misali, ingancin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin rana yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa saboda ƙaruwar zafin jiki yana ƙara juriya a cikin ƙwayar, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki. Shi ya sa, a wasu yankuna, mutane ke sanya na'urorin PV ɗinsu su sanyaya ta amfani da tsarin sanyaya don ƙara ingancin samar da wutar lantarki.
5. Tasirin abun da ke cikin bakan
Hasken rana ya ƙunshi photons na tsawon tsayi daban-daban, wanda aka sani da bakan. Kwayoyin hasken rana suna ɗaukar tsawon tsayi daban-daban na haske ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma bambance-bambancen da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin haske na iya yin tasiri ga ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa. Gabaɗaya, ƙwayoyin PV suna da mafi girman ingancin sha don hasken da ake iya gani da kuma ƙarancin sha don hasken ultraviolet da infrared. Saboda haka, aikin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin PV ya fi kyau idan akwai ƙarin ɓangaren haske da ake iya gani a cikin bakan.
Idan sararin samaniya ya yi gajimare, ko kuma da sanyin safiya da yamma, hasken rana yana canzawa, tare da raguwar abin da ake iya gani da kuma ƙaruwar abin da ke cikin infrared, kuma ingancin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayar PV yana raguwa a wannan yanayin. Domin inganta martanin hasken rana na ƙwayoyin photovoltaic, an yi wasu bincike don haɓaka kayan da za su iya shanye faffadan kewayon hasken rana, kamar chalcogenides, waɗanda suka nuna ingantattun halaye masu ɗaukar haske a ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
6. Tsarin Gwaji na AM 1.5 G
A gwajin ƙwayoyin photovoltaic, ya zama ruwan dare a yi amfani da AM 1.5 G a matsayin yanayin spectral na yau da kullun. AM yana nufin Air Mass, kuma AM 1.5 yana nufin cewa hanyar haskoki na rana ta cikin sararin samaniya ya fi tsayi sau ɗaya da rabi fiye da hanyar tsaye ta rana ta cikin sararin samaniya. AM 1.5 G misali ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a duk duniya kuma yana wakiltar yanayin spectral na haskoki na rana da ke ratsa sararin samaniya da kuma a saman duniya a rana mai haske, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarfin haske na kusan 1000 W/m². AM 1.5 G ma'auni ne da ake amfani da shi a duniya wanda ke wakiltar yanayin spectral da haske ke samarwa ta hanyar wucewa ta sararin samaniya da kuma zuwa saman Duniya a rana mai haske, kuma ya yi daidai da ƙarfin haske na kusan 1000 W/m² da ƙarfin haske na kusan 100,000 Lux.
Amfani da AM 1.5 G yana tabbatar da cewa yanayin gwajin da ake yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya yi kusa da yanayin da ake ciki domin a tantance aikin ƙwayoyin hasken rana daidai a yanayin yau da kullum.
7. Ƙa'idodin haske na cikin gida da ƙarfi
Akwai kuma ƙa'idodin ƙasa don ƙarfin hasken cikin gida. Misali, bisa ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa masu dacewa na ƙasar Sin (misali, Tsarin Hasken Gine-gine na GB 50033-2013), sararin samaniya na cikin gida don dalilai daban-daban suna da buƙatun haske daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, matakin hasken da ake buƙata don yanayin ofis na yau da kullun ya kamata ya kasance kusan 300-500 Lux, yayin da ƙimar hasken da ake buƙata don azuzuwan makaranta ya fi girma, yawanci sama da 500 Lux.
Don ƙarfin hasken cikin gida a kowace murabba'in mita, idan aka canza shi zuwa wutar lantarki, yawanci yana tsakanin 5-15 W/m², ya danganta da ainihin nau'in tushen haske da ingancin hasken. Wannan ƙarfin hasken ya yi ƙasa da matsayin hasken rana na waje, amma ya isa ga ayyukan yau da kullun da hasken wuta a cikin gida.
8. Abubuwan da ke shafar muhalli suna shafar yanayin haske
Baya ga abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, inuwa daga gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙura, ɗigon tsuntsaye, ganye, da sauransu na iya shafar yanayin hasken ƙwayoyin PV, don haka rage ƙarfin da ake samarwa. Waɗannan toshewar za su hana wani ɓangare na hasken rana isa saman ƙwayar photovoltaic, samuwar abin da ake kira "tasirin wurin zafi", wato, zafin ƙwayar da aka toshe yana ƙaruwa, ba wai kawai yana rage inganci ba, har ma yana iya haifar da lalacewa ga ƙwayar.
Domin hana wannan, ana buƙatar tsaftace ƙwayoyin PV akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa saman ya kasance mai tsabta da kuma ƙara yawan shan haske. Ga wasu wurare da ke cikin yankunan da ke da yashi da ƙura ko kuma yawan ayyukan tsuntsaye, shigar da rufin tsaftacewa da kansa ko kafa tsarin tsaftacewa duka mafita ne mafi inganci.
9. Takaitaccen Bayani
Yanayin haske yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ƙayyade ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa. Ƙarfin haske, kusurwar faruwa, tsawon lokacin haske, yanayin yanayi da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin haske duk suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙwayoyin PV. Domin mu ƙara yawan wutar lantarki da ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke samarwa, muna buƙatar la'akari da waɗannan yanayin hasken da kuma tsara da kuma kula da tsarin PV yadda ya kamata, kamar shigar da na'urar bin diddigin rana, tsaftace bangarori akai-akai, da kuma kula da yanayin zafin aiki mai kyau.
Ta hanyar ci gaba da inganta ƙira da amfani da ƙwayoyin PV, za mu iya yin amfani da makamashin rana mafi inganci kuma mu ba da gudummawa mai kyau don cimma damar samun makamashi mai tsabta a duniya da rage fitar da hayakin carbon.
