I te rongonui haere o te pūngao hou, kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā pūtau rā hei tetahi o ngā puna nui o te pūngao matomato. Heoi, he tokomaha te hunga kāore pea i te mōhio he maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ana e te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko me te whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau rā, ko te mea nui ko ngā āhuatanga o te māramatanga. Nō reira, me pēhea te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o te māramatanga ki te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā? I tēnei rā, ka rongonuihia tēnei kaupapa.
1. te kaha o te mārama me te whakaputa hiko
Ko te kaha o te mārama, i te whakarapopototanga, ko te kaha o te hihi o te rā mō ia wāhanga horahanga. Mō ngā pūtau rā, ka nui ake te kaha o te mārama, ka nui ake te kaha e whiwhihia ana e te pūtau rā, ka nui ake tōna kaha whakaputa. Nō reira, i ngā rā paki me te kaha o te rā, ka nui ake te kaha e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā.
Ko te kaha whakaputa hiko o tētahi pūtau photovoltaic ka inehia i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātautau paerewa i te kaha mārama o te 1000 W/m², koinei te uara paerewa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga hei whakatauira i te mārama o te awatea paki. Ina piki ake te kaha mārama, ka piki ake te iahiko photovoltaic i roto i te pūtau solar, ka piki ake te mana whakaputa; i tetahi atu taha, ki te heke te kaha mārama, hei tauira i ngā rā kapua, i ngā hāora tōnga rānei, ka tino heke te mana e whakaputaina ana e te pūtau.
Ka rerekē te kaha o te mārama i te roanga o te rā. Mai i te ata pō, ka piki haere te kaha o te mārama, ka piki haere hoki; i te poutumarotanga, ka eke te kaha o te mārama ki tōna taumata teitei rawa; i te ahiahi, i te hekenga haere o te rā ki te uru, ka ngoikore haere te kaha o te mārama tae noa ki te ngaronga o te tōnga o te rā. Ka pā tika tēnei huringa o te kaha o te rā ki te whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau rā i roto i te rā.
2. Te koki mārama me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko
Ka nui hoki te pānga o te koki o te mārama ki te whakaputanga hiko o ngā pūtau rā. Ina pā poutū te hihi o te rā ki te mata o te pūtau rā, ka taea e te pūtau photovoltaic te mimiti i te kaha mārama nui rawa atu, ā, nō reira ka nui rawa atu te whakaputanga hiko; ā, ina he whakarara te hihi o te rā, ka whakaatahia tetahi wāhanga o te mārama, ka whakaitihia te kaha mārama e mimitihia ana e te pākahiko, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki te whakaputanga hiko.
Hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau, he maha ngā pūnaha rā kua whakauruhia ki ngā taputapu aroturuki rā e whakarerekē aunoa ana i te koki o ngā pūtau PV kia rite ki te tūranga o te rā kia mau tonu ai te koki tino pai o te pānga. Kua whai hua tēnei hangarau ki te whakanui ake i te whakaputa hiko whānui o ngā pūtau PV.
3. Te pānga o te roa o te māramatanga ki te whakaputa hiko
He mea nui anō hoki te roa o te māramatanga e pā ana ki te whakaputanga hiko o ngā pūtau rā. Ka roa ake ngā hāora mārama i te rā, ka nui ake te hiko katoa ka taea e te pūtau rā te whakaputa. Koia te take i ngā rohe teitei, he iti ake te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā nā te poto o ngā hāora mārama o te takurua, engari i ngā rohe he roa ngā hāora mārama, he nui ake te nui o te hiko e whakaputaina ana puta noa i te tau.
Haunga tēnei, ka pāngia hoki ngā hāora mārama e ngā huringa o te wā. Hei tauira, i te raumati, ina roa ake ngā rā, ka taea e ngā pūtau hiko pūngao te whakaputa hiko mō te wā roa; i te takurua ia, ina poto ake ngā rā, ka heke noa te wā me te nui o te hiko e whakaputaina ana.
4. Ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi me te mahi photovoltaic
Waihoki, ka pā nui ngā āhuatanga o te rangi ki te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau hiko pūngao rā. I raro i ngā āhuatanga kapua me te kohu, ka āraia ngā hihi o te rā e ngā kapua, e ngā matūriki rānei e iri ana, ka heke te nui o te pūngao mārama e whiwhihia ana e te pūtau hiko pūngao, ā, ka tino heke te hiko e whakaputaina ana. Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia hoki e te ua me te hukarere te mimiti o te mārama e ngā panera hiko pūngao, ka whakaiti i te mahi whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau.
He mea whakamīharo, ehara i te mea ko te kaha o te rā anake te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mahi a ngā pūtau PV, i ētahi wā, kāore pea te kaha rawa o te rā e pai. Hei tauira, ka heke te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau rā i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei nā te mea ka piki ake te pāmahana ka piki ake te ātete i roto i te pūtau, ka iti ake te whakaputa hiko. Koia te take, i ētahi wāhi, ka pupuri te tangata i ā rātou waeine PV kia mātao mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakamatao hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o ā rātou whakaputa hiko.
5. Te pānga o te hanganga āwhata
He rerekē ngā momo irahiko o te mārama o te rā, e mōhiotia ana ko te whānuitanga. He rerekē te mimiti a ngā pūtau rā i ngā momo roangaru mārama, ā, ka pā anō hoki ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga whānuitanga ki te mana e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā pūtau PV te mea tino pai mō te mārama e kitea ana, ā, he iti noa te mimiti mō te mārama ultraviolet me te mārama infrared. Nō reira, he pai ake te mahi whakaputa hiko a ngā pūtau PV ina he nui ake te wāhanga mārama e kitea ana i roto i te whānuitanga.
Ina kapua te rangi, i te ata pō, i te ahiahi rānei, ka rerekē te whānuitanga o te hihi o te rā, ka heke te wāhanga e kitea ana, ka piki ake te wāhanga whero-whero, ā, ka heke hoki te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko o te pūtau PV i tēnei take. Hei whakapai ake i te urupare hihi o ngā pūtau photovoltaic, kua whakatapua ētahi rangahau ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi e kaha ana ki te mimiti i te whānuitanga o te hihi o te rā, pērā i ngā chalcogenides, kua whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga mimiti mārama pai ake i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga.
6. Paerewa Whakamātautau AM 1.5 G
I roto i te whakamātautau i ngā pūtau photovoltaic, he mea noa te whakamahi i te AM 1.5 G hei paerewa mō te āhua o te hihi. Ko te AM he tohu mō te Papatipu Hau, ā, ko te AM 1.5 te tikanga ko te ara o ngā hihi o te rā i roto i te āhuarangi he kotahi me te haurua te roa atu i te ara poutū tika o te rā i roto i te āhuarangi. Ko te AM 1.5 G he paerewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana puta noa i te ao, ā, e tohu ana i te āhua o ngā hihi o te rā e whiti ana i roto i te āhuarangi me te mata o te whenua i te rā mārama, e rite ana ki te kaha o te mārama o te 1000 W/m². Ko te AM 1.5 G he paerewa e whakamahia ana puta noa i te ao e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga o te hihi i puta mai i te mārama e whiti ana i roto i te āhuarangi me te mata o te Whenua i te rā mārama, ā, e rite ana ki te kaha o te mārama o te 1000 W/m² me te kaha o te mārama o te 100,000 Lux.
Mā te whakamahinga o te AM 1.5 G ka whakarite kia tata rawa ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau i roto i te taiwhanga ki ngā āhuatanga tuturu, kia taea ai te aromatawai tika i te mahi a ngā pūtau rā i ngā taiao o ia rā.
7. Ngā paerewa me te kaha o te mārama o roto
He paerewa ā-motu anō hoki mō te kaha o te mārama o roto. Hei tauira, e ai ki ngā paerewa ā-motu e pā ana ki Haina (hei tauira, te Paerewa Hoahoa Rama Whare GB 50033-2013), he rerekē ngā whakaritenga mārama mō ngā wāhi o roto mō ngā kaupapa rerekē. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te taumata māramatanga mō te taiao tari noa me tata ki te 300-500 Lux, ko te paerewa māramatanga mō te akomanga kura he teitei ake, neke atu i te 500 Lux.
Mō te kaha o te mārama o roto mō ia mita pūrua, ina hurihia hei hiko, kei waenganui i te 5-15 W/m² te tikanga, i runga i te momo pūtake mārama me te whai huatanga o te mārama. He iti rawa te kaha o tēnei mārama i te paerewa mō te hihi o waho, engari he rawaka mō ngā mahi o ia rā me te whakamārama i roto.
8. Ngā āhuatanga taiao e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga mārama
Haunga ngā āhuatanga kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ko te whakamarumaru mai i ngā poke pēnei i te puehu, te paru manu, ngā rau, me ētahi atu, ka pā ki ngā āhuatanga mārama o ngā pūtau PV, ā, ka whakaitihia te hiko e whakaputaina ana. Mā ēnei ārai ka āraia tetahi wāhanga o te hihi o te rā kia tae atu ki te mata o te pūtau photovoltaic, ka puta te mea e kiia nei ko te "pānga wera", arā, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te pūtau kua āraia, ehara i te mea ka whakaitihia te whai huatanga anake, engari ka pā kino pea ki te pūtau.
Hei ārai i tēnei, me horoi tonu ngā pūtau PV kia mau tonu ai te ma o te mata, kia nui ai hoki te mimiti o te mārama. Mō ētahi wāhi kei roto i ngā wāhi he nui te onepu me te puehu, he maha rānei ngā manu e mahi ana, he pai ake te tāuta i tētahi paninga horoi-ake, te whakatū rānei i tētahi pūnaha horoi.
9. Whakarāpopototanga
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te māramatanga tētahi o ngā mea matua hei whakatau i te kaha e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā. Ko te kaha o te māramatanga, te koki o te pānga, te roa o te māramatanga, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te hanganga o ngā hihi, he pānga nui tēnei ki te mahi whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau PV. Hei whakanui ake i te nui o te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā pūtau rā, me whai whakaaro tātou ki ēnei āhuatanga māramatanga, ā, me hoahoa me te tiaki i te pūnaha PV kia tika, pērā i te tāuta i tētahi taputapu aroturuki rā, te horoi i ngā panera i ia wā, me te pupuri i te pāmahana mahi tika.
Mā te arotau tonu i te hoahoa me te whakamahinga o ngā pūtau PV, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi pai ake i te pūngao o te rā, ā, ka whai wāhi pai ki te whakatutukitanga o te urunga whānui ki te pūngao ma, me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro.
