Ngokuthandwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, amaseli elanga kancane kancane abe ngomunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yamandla aluhlaza. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bangase bangazi ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwamaseli elanga kuthinteka yizinto ezahlukahlukene, okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo izimo zokukhanya. Ngakho-ke, izimo zokukhanya zithinta kanjani amandla akhiqizwa amaseli elanga? Namuhla, sizokwazisa lesi sihloko.
1. ukuqina kokukhanya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla
Ukukhanya okukhulu, ngokubeka kalula, amandla okukhanya kwelanga endaweni ngayinye. Kumaseli elanga, lapho ukukhanya kunamandla aphezulu, amandla amaningi atholwa yiseli lelanga, kulapho amandla okukhipha aphakama khona. Ngakho-ke, ezinsukwini ezinelanga ezinokukhanya kwelanga okunamandla, amandla akhiqizwa amaseli elanga avame ukuba phezulu.
Umthamo wokukhiqiza amandla weseli le-photovoltaic uvame ukulinganiswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile ngamandla okukhanya angu-1000 W/m², okuyinani elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa emalabhorethri ukulingisa ukukhanya kwelanga okunelanga. Lapho amandla okukhanya enyuka, ugesi we-photovoltaic oseselini lelanga uyanda, okuthi nawo ukhulise amandla okukhipha; ngokuphambene nalokho, uma amandla okukhanya ehla, isibonelo ezinsukwini ezinamafu noma ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga, amandla akhiqizwa yiseli ancipha kakhulu.
Ukukhanya kuyahlukahluka phakathi nosuku. Kusukela ekuseni kakhulu, ilanga liphuma kancane kancane, ukukhanya kuyanda kancane kancane; emini, ukukhanya kufinyelela inani eliphezulu kakhulu; ntambama, njengoba ilanga lishona kancane kancane entshonalanga, ukukhanya kuyancipha kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho ukushona kwelanga kunyamalala ngokuphelele. Lolu shintsho ekukhanyeni kwelanga luthinta ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwamandla eseli lelanga ngosuku.
2. I-engeli yokukhanya kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla
I-engeli yokukhanya izoba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kwamaseli elanga. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kwenzeka ngokuma phezulu kweseli lelanga, iseli le-photovoltaic lingamunca amandla okukhanya amaningi, ngaleyo ndlela likhiqize amandla aphezulu kakhulu; futhi lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kugobile, ingxenye yokukhanya izobonakala, amandla okukhanya amuncwa yibhethri ancishisiwe, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kuncishiswe ngokufanayo.
Ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ugesi kwamaseli, izinhlelo eziningi zelanga zihlonyiswe ngamadivayisi okulandelela ilanga alungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo i-engeli yamaseli e-PV ngokwendawo yelanga ukuze kugcinwe i-engeli efanele yokwenzeka. Lobu buchwepheshe bube nempumelelo ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwamaseli e-PV.
3. Umthelela wobude bokukhanya ekukhiqizeni ugesi
Ubude bokukhanya nakho kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwamaseli elanga. Uma amahora okukhanya emade ngosuku, kulapho iseli lelanga lingakhiqiza khona ugesi omningi. Yingakho ezindaweni eziphakeme, amaseli elanga akhiqiza ugesi omncane ngenxa yamahora okukhanya amafushane asebusika, kanti ezindaweni ezinamahora okukhanya amade, inani likagesi elikhiqizwa unyaka wonke liphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinguquko zesizini nazo zithinta amahora okukhanya. Isibonelo, ehlobo, lapho izinsuku zinde, amaseli elanga ayakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi isikhathi eside; kanti ebusika, lapho izinsuku zimfushane, isikhathi kanye nenani eliphelele likagesi elikhiqizwayo kuzoncipha ngokwemvelo.
4. Izimo zezulu kanye nokusebenza kwe-photovoltaic
Izimo zezulu nazo zingaba nomthelela omkhulu emandleni akhiqizwa amaseli elanga. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamafu nezinomswakama, imisebe yelanga ivinjelwa amafu noma izinhlayiya ezilengayo, okuholela ekunciphiseni inani lamandla okukhanya atholwa yiseli le-PV, futhi amandla akhiqizwayo azoncishiswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvula neqhwa kungathinta nokumuncwa kokukhanya ngamaphaneli e-PV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwamandla okukhiqiza amandla amaseli.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukusebenza kwamaseli e-PV akuxhomekile nje kuphela emandleni okukhanya kwelanga, ngezinye izikhathi ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kakhulu kungase kungabi yinto enhle. Isibonelo, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza amandla kwamaseli elanga kuvame ukwehla ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu ngoba izinga lokushisa elikhuphukile landisa ukumelana ngaphakathi kweseli, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla okuphansi. Yingakho, kwezinye izindawo, abantu bagcina amamojula abo e-PV epholile ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza amandla abo.
5. Umphumela wokwakheka kwe-spectral
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqukethe ama-photon ama-wavelength ahlukene, aziwa ngokuthi i-spectrum. Amaseli elanga amunca ama-wavelength ahlukene okukhanya ngendlela ehlukile, futhi ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwe-spectral nakho kungaba nomthelela emandleni akhiqizwa amaseli elanga. Ngokuvamile, amaseli e-PV anokusebenza kahle kokumunca okuphezulu kokukhanya okubonakalayo kanye nokumunca okuphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwamandla kwamaseli e-PV kungcono uma kunengxenye yokukhanya ebonakalayo kakhulu ku-spectrum.
Uma isibhakabhaka sinamafu, noma ekuseni kakhulu nakusihlwa, ububanzi bokukhanya kwelanga buyashintsha, kanye nokwehla kwengxenye ebonakalayo kanye nokwanda kwengxenye ye-infrared, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kweseli le-PV kwehla kulokhu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe impendulo ye-spectral yamaseli e-photovoltaic, ucwaningo oluthile luye lwanikelwa ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezikwazi ukumunca ububanzi obubanzi be-spectrum yelanga, njenge-chalcogenides, ezibonise izakhiwo ezingcono zokumunca ukukhanya ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu.
6. Izinga Lokuhlola le-AM 1.5 G
Ekuhlolweni kwamaseli e-photovoltaic, kuvamile ukusebenzisa i-AM 1.5 G njengesimo esijwayelekile se-spectral. I-AM imele i-Air Mass, kanti i-AM 1.5 isho ukuthi indlela yemisebe yelanga emkhathini ide ngokuphindwe kanye nesigamu kunendlela yelanga eqondile eqondile emkhathini. I-AM 1.5 G iyindinganiso esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke futhi imele isimo se-spectral semisebe yelanga edlula emkhathini nasebusweni bomhlaba ngosuku olucacile, oluhambisana namandla okukhanya angaba ngu-1000 W/m². I-AM 1.5 G iyindinganiso esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke emele izimo ze-spectral ezikhiqizwa ukukhanya okudlula emkhathini nasebusweni boMhlaba ngosuku olucacile, futhi ihambisana namandla okukhanya angaba ngu-1000 W/m² kanye namandla okukhanya angaba ngu-100,000 Lux.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-AM 1.5 G kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zokuhlola elabhorethri ziseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nezimo zangempela ukuze kuhlolwe ngokunembile ukusebenza kwamaseli elanga ezindaweni zansuku zonke.
7. Izindinganiso zokukhanya kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina
Kukhona nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokukhanya kwangaphakathi. Isibonelo, ngokwezindinganiso zikazwelonke ezifanele zaseShayina (isb., Idizayini Yokukhanyisa Izakhiwo I-GB 50033-2013), izikhala zangaphakathi ngezinjongo ezahlukene zinezidingo zokukhanya ezihlukile. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokukhanya endaweni evamile yehhovisi kufanele libe cishe yi-300-500 Lux, kuyilapho izinga lokukhanya kwekilasi lesikole liphakeme, ngokuvamile lingaphezu kwe-500 Lux.
Ukukhanya okungaphakathi endlini ngemitha yesikwele, uma kuguqulwa kube amandla, kuvame ukuba phakathi kuka-5-15 W/m², kuye ngohlobo lwangempela lomthombo wokukhanya kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhanya. Lokhu kukhanya okungaphakathi kungaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso sokukhanya kwelanga kwangaphandle, kodwa kwanele emisebenzini yansuku zonke kanye nokukhanya ngaphakathi.
8. Izici zemvelo ezithinta izimo zokukhanya
Ngaphezu kwezici ezishiwo ngenhla, ukufiphazwa yizinto ezingcolisayo njengothuli, indle yezinyoni, amaqabunga, njll. kungathinta nezimo zokukhanya zamaseli e-PV, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe amandla akhiqizwayo. Lezi zithiyo zizovimbela ingxenye yokukhanya kwelanga ukuthi ifinyelele ebusweni beseli le-photovoltaic, ukwakheka kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “umphumela wendawo eshisayo”, okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa leseli elivinjiwe liyakhuphuka, hhayi nje kuphela ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kungabangela umonakalo eselini.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe lokhu, amaseli e-PV adinga ukuhlanzwa njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ihlala ihlanzekile futhi kukhuliswe ukumuncwa kokukhanya. Kwezinye izindawo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi esiningi nothuli noma imisebenzi evamile yezinyoni, ukufaka isembozo sokuzihlanza noma ukusetha uhlelo lokuhlanza kokubili kuyizixazululo eziphumelela kakhulu.
9. Isifinyezo
Izimo zokukhanya zingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ekunqumeni amandla akhiqizwa amaseli elanga. Ukuqina kokukhanya, i-engeli yokwenzeka, ubude bokukhanya, izimo zezulu kanye nokwakheka kwama-spectral konke kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwamandla okukhiqiza amaseli e-PV. Ukuze sandise inani lamandla akhiqizwa amaseli elanga, sidinga ukucabangela lezi zimo zokukhanya futhi siklame futhi silondoloze uhlelo lwe-PV ngendlela efanele, njengokufaka i-sun tracker, ukuhlanza amaphaneli njalo, kanye nokugcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza elifanele.
Ngokwenza ngcono ukwakheka nokusetshenziswa kwamaseli e-PV njalo, singasebenzisa amandla elanga ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana futhi sibe negalelo elihle ekufinyeleleni ukufinyelela kwamandla ahlanzekile kuwo wonke umuntu kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
