Ngokusasazeka kwamandla avuselelekayo, iiseli zelanga ziye kancinci kancinci zaba ngomnye wemithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla aluhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi basenokungazi ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla kweeseli zelanga kuchaphazeleka zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ezona zibalulekileyo kuzo ziimeko zokukhanya. Ngoko ke, iimeko zokukhanya zichaphazela njani amandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga? Namhlanje, siza kusenza sidume esi sihloko.
1. ukukhanya okukhulu kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla
Ukukhanya okunamandla, ngokulula, ngamandla okukhanya kwelanga kwindawo nganye. Kwiiseli zelanga, okukhona ukukhanya kunamandla aphezulu, kokukhona amandla amaninzi afunyanwa yiseli yelanga, kokukhona amandla ayo okukhupha aphezulu. Ke ngoko, ngeentsuku ezinelanga ezinokukhanya okunamandla, amandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga adla ngokuba phezulu.
Umthamo wokuvelisa amandla weseli ye-photovoltaic udla ngokulinganiswa phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo oluqhelekileyo kumandla okukhanya ayi-1000 W/m², elixabiso eliqhelekileyo elisetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri ukulinganisa ukukhanya kwemini enelanga. Xa amandla okukhanya enyuka, umsinga we-photovoltaic kwiseli yelanga uyanda, nto leyo enyusa amandla okukhupha; ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba amandla okukhanya ayancipha, umzekelo kwiintsuku ezinamafu okanye ngexesha leeyure zokutshona kwelanga, amandla aveliswa yiseli ayancipha kakhulu.
Ukukhanya kuyahluka ngokuhamba kosuku. Ukususela kusasa, ilanga liphuma kancinci kancinci, ukukhanya kuyanda kancinci kancinci; emini, ukukhanya kufikelela kwixabiso laso eliphezulu; emva kwemini, njengoko ilanga litshona kancinci kancinci entshona, ukukhanya kuyaphela kancinci kancinci de ukutshona kwelanga kuphele ngokupheleleyo. Olu tshintsho kukukhanya kwelanga luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuveliswa kwamandla eseli yelanga ngosuku.
2. I-engile yokukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa umbane
I-engile yokukhanya nayo iya kuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuvelisweni kwamandla kweeseli zelanga. Xa ukukhanya kwelanga kwenzeka ngokuthe nkqo kumphezulu weseli yelanga, iseli ye-photovoltaic inokufunxa amandla okukhanya amaninzi, ngaloo ndlela ibe yeyona mveliso iphezulu yamandla; kwaye xa ukukhanya kwelanga kuthe tyaba, inxalenye yokukhanya iya kubonakaliswa, amandla okukhanya afunxwa yibhetri ayancitshiswa, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla kuyancitshiswa ngokufanayo.
Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli, iinkqubo ezininzi zelanga zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokulandelela ilanga ezilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo i-engile yeeseli ze-PV ngokwendawo yelanga ukuze kugcinwe i-engile efanelekileyo yokwenzeka. Le teknoloji ibe nempumelelo ekwandiseni ukuveliswa kwamandla kweeseli ze-PV ngokubanzi.
3. Impembelelo yobude bokukhanya ekuveliseni umbane
Ubude bokukhanya bukwayinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukuveliswa kwamandla kweeseli zelanga. Okukhona zikhanya iiyure ezininzi ngosuku, kokukhona zivelisa umbane opheleleyo iseli yelanga. Yiyo loo nto kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, iiseli zelanga zivelisa umbane omncinci ngenxa yeeyure zokukhanya zasebusika ezimfutshane, ngelixa kwiindawo ezineeyure zokukhanya ezinde, umbane oveliswayo unyaka wonke uphezulu.
Ukongeza koku, utshintsho lwexesha lonyaka luchaphazela neeyure zokukhanya. Umzekelo, ehlotyeni, xa iintsuku zinde, iiseli zelanga ziyakwazi ukuvelisa umbane ixesha elide; ngelixa ebusika, xa iintsuku zimfutshane, ixesha kunye nombane opheleleyo oveliswayo ziya kuncipha ngokwemvelo.
4. Iimeko zemozulu kunye nokusebenza kwe-photovoltaic
Iimeko zemozulu nazo zinokuba nefuthe elikhulu kumandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga. Phantsi kweemeko ezinamafu nezimfiliba, imitha yelanga ivalwe ngamafu okanye amasuntswana axhonyiweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni amandla okukhanya afunyanwa yiseli yePV, kwaye amandla aveliswayo aya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Ukongeza, imvula nekhephu zinokuchaphazela ukufunxwa kokukhanya ziiphaneli zePV, zinciphise ukusebenza kombane kweeseli.
Okunomdla kukuba, ukusebenza kweeseli ze-PV akuxhomekekanga kuphela kumandla okukhanya kwelanga, ngamanye amaxesha ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kakhulu kusenokungabi yinto elungileyo. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa umbane kweeseli zelanga kudla ngokuncipha phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu kuba ubushushu obandayo bunyusa ukumelana ngaphakathi kweseli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuveliseni umbane okuphantsi. Yiyo loo nto, kwezinye iindawo, abantu bagcina iimodyuli zabo ze-PV zipholile ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokupholisa ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa umbane.
5. Impembelelo yokwakheka kwe-spectral
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqulathe ii-photon zamaza ahlukeneyo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-spectrum. Iiseli zelanga zifunxa amaza ahlukeneyo okukhanya ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye umahluko kwisakhiwo se-spectral unokuba nefuthe kumandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga. Ngokubanzi, iiseli ze-PV zinamandla aphezulu okufunxa ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunye nokufunxa okuncinci kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kokuvelisa amandla kweeseli ze-PV kungcono xa kukho icandelo lokukhanya elibonakalayo ngakumbi kwi-spectrum.
Xa isibhakabhaka sinamafu, okanye kusasa nangokuhlwa, i-spectrum yelanga iyatshintsha, kunye nokuncipha kwe-component ebonakalayo kunye nokwanda kwe-infrared component, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa umbane kwe-PV cell kuyancipha kule meko. Ukuze kuphuculwe impendulo ye-spectral yeeseli ze-photovoltaic, uphando oluthile luye lwanikezelwa kuphuhliso lwezinto ezikwaziyo ukufunxa uluhlu olubanzi lwe-spectrum yelanga, njenge-chalcogenides, ezibonakalise iimpawu ezingcono zokufunxa ukukhanya phantsi kweemeko zelebhu.
Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lwe-6. AM 1.5 G
Xa kuvavanywa iiseli ze-photovoltaic, kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa i-AM 1.5 G njengemeko eqhelekileyo ye-spectral. I-AM imele i-Air Mass, kwaye i-AM 1.5 ithetha ukuba indlela yemitha yelanga edlula emoyeni inde ngokuphindwe kanesiqingatha kunendlela yelanga ethe ngqo edlula emoyeni. I-AM 1.5 G ngumgangatho osetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye umele imeko ye-spectral yemitha yelanga edlula emoyeni nakumphezulu womhlaba ngemini ecacileyo, ehambelana nokukhanya okumalunga ne-1000 W/m². I-AM 1.5 G ngumgangatho osetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela omele iimeko ze-spectral eziveliswa kukukhanya okudlula emoyeni nakumphezulu woMhlaba ngemini ecacileyo, kwaye uhambelana nokukhanya okumalunga ne-1000 W/m² kunye nokukhanya okumalunga ne-100,000 Lux.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-AM 1.5 G kuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko zovavanyo kwilebhu zisondelelene kangangoko kunokwenzeka neemeko zokwenyani ukuze kuvavanywe ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenza kweeseli zelanga kwiindawo zemihla ngemihla.
7. Imigangatho yokukhanya kwangaphakathi kunye nobukhali
Kukwakho nemigangatho yesizwe yokukhanya kwangaphakathi. Umzekelo, ngokwemigangatho yesizwe efanelekileyo yaseTshayina (umz., Uyilo lweZibane zeZakhiwo oluyi-GB 50033-2013), iindawo zangaphakathi ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya. Ngokubanzi, inqanaba lokukhanya kwindawo eqhelekileyo yeofisi kufuneka libe malunga ne-300-500 Lux, ngelixa umgangatho wokukhanya kwigumbi lokufundela lesikolo uphezulu, uhlala ungaphezulu kwe-500 Lux.
Ukukhanya okungaphakathi kwimitha yesikwere nganye, xa kuguqulwa kube ngamandla, kudla ngokuba phakathi kwe-5-15 W/m², kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthombo wokukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya. Olu kukhanya kungaphantsi kakhulu komgangatho wokukhanya kwelanga ngaphandle, kodwa kwanele kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nokukhanyisa ngaphakathi.
8. Izinto ezichaphazela ukukhanya
Ukongeza kwezi zinto zikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, ukugqunywa ngumthunzi yizinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nothuli, indle yeentaka, amagqabi, njl.njl. kunokuchaphazela neemeko zokukhanya kweeseli ze-PV, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa amandla aveliswayo. Ezi zithintelo ziya kuthintela inxalenye yelanga ukuba ifikelele kumphezulu weseli ye-photovoltaic, ukwakheka kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-"hot spot effect", oko kukuthi, ubushushu beseli evalekileyo buyanda, abunciphisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa bunokubangela umonakalo kwiseli.
Ukuthintela oku, iiseli ze-PV kufuneka zicocwe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu uhlala ucocekile kwaye kufumaneke ukukhanya okuninzi. Kwezinye iindawo ezikwiindawo ezinesanti eninzi nothuli okanye ezihlala zisebenza rhoqo kwiintaka, ukufaka i-coating yokuzicoca okanye ukuseta inkqubo yokucoca zombini ezi zisombululo zisebenza ngcono.
9. Isishwankathelo
Iimeko zokukhanya zezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ekumiseleni amandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga. Ubukhali bokukhanya, i-engile yokwenzeka, ubude bokukhanya, iimeko zemozulu kunye nokwakheka kwe-spectral zonke zinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kokuveliswa kwamandla kweeseli ze-PV. Ukuze sinyuse ubungakanani bamandla aveliswa ziiseli zelanga, kufuneka siqwalasele ezi meko zokukhanya kwaye siyile kwaye sigcine inkqubo ye-PV ngokufanelekileyo, njengokufaka isixhobo sokulandelela ilanga, ukucoca iiphaneli rhoqo, kunye nokugcina ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusebenza.
Ngokuqhubeka nokuphucula uyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-PV, singasebenzisa amandla elanga ngokufanelekileyo kwaye sibe negalelo elihle ekufezekiseni ukufikelela kumandla acocekileyo kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
