Kubera ko ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa zikwirakwira, uturemangingo tw’izuba twagiye tuba imwe mu masoko y’ingenzi y’ingufu zitangiza ibidukikije. Ariko, abantu benshi bashobora kuba batazi ko imikorere myiza y’ingufu no gukora ingufu z’uturemangingo tw’izuba bigira ingaruka ku bintu bitandukanye, icy’ingenzi muri byo kikaba ari imiterere y’urumuri. None se, imiterere y’urumuri igira ingaruka ku ngufu zikorwa n’uturemangingo tw’izuba ni iyihe? Uyu munsi, turamenyekanisha iyi ngingo.
1. ingufu z'urumuri n'ingufu zitangwa
Ubukana bw'urumuri, mu magambo make, ni imbaraga z'imirasire y'izuba kuri buri gice cy'ubutaka. Ku tunyangingo tw'izuba, uko ubukana bw'urumuri burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko ingufu z'izuba zakirwa n'utunyangingo tw'izuba, ni ko imbaraga zatwo ziyongera. Kubwibyo, ku minsi y'izuba irimo izuba ryinshi, imbaraga zikomoka ku tunyangingo tw'izuba ziba nyinshi.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora ingufu z'ingirabuzimafatizo z'amashanyarazi akomoka kuri photovoltaic busanzwe bupimirwa mu byiciro bisanzwe by'ibizamini ku bushyuhe bw'urumuri rwa 1000 W/m², ari na yo gaciro gasanzwe gakoreshwa muri laboratwari mu kwigana urumuri rw'izuba ku manywa. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'urumuri bwiyongere, ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi akomoka kuri photovoltaic mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'izuba buriyongera, ibyo bikaba byongera imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro; ku rundi ruhande, iyo ubushyuhe bw'urumuri bugabanutse, urugero nko mu minsi y'ibicu cyangwa mu masaha y'izuba rirenze, ingufu zikomoka kuri iyo ngirabuzimafatizo ziragabanuka cyane.
Ubushyuhe bw'urumuri burahinduka uko umunsi ugenda. Guhera mu gitondo cya kare, izuba rigenda riva buhoro buhoro, ubushyuhe bw'urumuri nabwo bwiyongera buhoro buhoro; saa sita, ubushyuhe bw'urumuri bugera ku gaciro kabwo kanini; nyuma ya saa sita, uko izuba rigenda rigabanuka buhoro buhoro mu burengerazuba, ubushyuhe bw'urumuri bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe izuba rirenze burundu. Iri hinduka ry'ubushyuhe bw'izuba rigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi y'izuba ku munsi.
2. Inguni y'urumuri n'imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi
Inguni y'urumuri izagira ingaruka zikomeye ku ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Iyo urumuri rw'izuba rugeze ku buso bw'uturemangingo tw'izuba, akaremangingo k'izuba gashobora kwinjiza ingufu nyinshi z'urumuri, bityo kagatanga ingufu nyinshi; kandi iyo urumuri rw'izuba rudahinduka, igice cy'urumuri kizagaragara, ingufu z'urumuri zinjira muri batiri ziragabanuka, kandi ingufu z'amashanyarazi nazo zikagabanuka.
Kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bwo gukora amashanyarazi mu turemangingo, sisitemu nyinshi z'izuba zifite ibikoresho byo gukurikirana izuba bihindura ingano y'uturemangingo twa PV hakurikijwe aho izuba riherereye kugira ngo bigumane inguni nziza yo gukwirakwira kw'amashanyarazi. Iri koranabuhanga ryagize akamaro mu kongera ingano y'amashanyarazi muri rusange mu turemangingo twa PV.
3. Ingaruka z'igihe urumuri rumara ku ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi
Igihe urumuri rumara nacyo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Uko urumuri rumara amasaha menshi ku munsi, niko amashanyarazi yose ashobora gukorwa. Niyo mpamvu ku misozi miremire, uturemangingo tw'izuba dukora amashanyarazi make bitewe n'amasaha magufi y'urumuri rw'imbeho, mu gihe mu turere dufite amasaha maremare y'urumuri, ingano y'amashanyarazi akorwa mu mwaka wose iba iri hejuru.
Uretse ibi, impinduka z'ibihe zigira ingaruka ku masaha y'urumuri. Urugero, mu mpeshyi, iyo iminsi ari miremire, uturemangingo tw'izuba dushobora gukora amashanyarazi igihe kirekire; mu gihe mu itumba, iyo iminsi ari migufi, igihe n'ingano y'amashanyarazi yose akorwa bizagabanuka mu buryo busanzwe.
4. Imiterere y'ikirere n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic
Imiterere y'ikirere ishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngufu zitangwa n'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Mu gihe cy'ibicu n'ubushyuhe, imirasire y'izuba irafungwa n'ibicu cyangwa uduce duto duhagaze, bigatuma ingufu z'urumuri rwakirwa n'uturemangingo tw'izuba, kandi ingufu zitangwa zizagabanuka cyane. Byongeye kandi, imvura n'urubura nabyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kwinjiza urumuri n'uturemangingo tw'izuba, bikagabanya imikorere y'uturemangingo mu gutanga ingufu.
Igishimishije ni uko imikorere y’uturemangingo twa PV idashingira gusa ku mbaraga z’izuba, rimwe na rimwe izuba rikabije rishobora kuba ritari ryiza. Urugero, ubushobozi bwo gutanga ingufu z’uturemangingo tw’izuba bukunda kugabanuka iyo hari ubushyuhe bwinshi kuko ubushyuhe bwiyongera byongera imbaraga zo guhangana n’ingufu imbere mu turemangingo, bigatuma ingufu zigabanuka. Niyo mpamvu, mu turere tumwe na tumwe, abantu bakomeza gukoresha uburyo bwo gukonjesha PV bakoresheje uburyo bwo gukonjesha kugira ngo bongere ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutanga ingufu.
5. Ingaruka z'imiterere ya spectral
Umucyo w'izuba ugizwe na fotoni z'uburebure butandukanye bw'urumuri, zizwi nka spectrum. Uturemangingo tw'izuba twuma uburebure butandukanye bw'urumuri mu buryo butandukanye, kandi itandukaniro mu miterere ya spectrum naryo rishobora kugira ingaruka ku ngufu zitangwa n'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Muri rusange, uturemangingo twa PV dufite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri rugaragara cyane kandi dufite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjiza urumuri rwa ultraviolet na infrared. Kubwibyo, imikorere y'ingufu za PV iba myiza iyo hari igice cy'urumuri kigaragara cyane muri spectrum.
Iyo ijuru ribaye ryuzuye ibicu, cyangwa mu gitondo cya kare na nimugoroba, urumuri rw'izuba rurahinduka, hamwe n'igabanuka ry'igice kigaragara n'ubwiyongere bw'igice cya infrared, kandi ubushobozi bwo gutanga ingufu bw'ingirabuzimafatizo za PV nabwo buragabanuka muri iki gihe. Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo imiterere y'ingirabuzimafatizo za photovoltaic ikora, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwakorewe ku iterambere ry'ibikoresho bishobora kwinjiza imiterere y'izuba, nka chalcogenides, byagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri neza mu gihe cya laboratwari.
6. Igipimo ngenderwaho cya AM 1.5 G
Mu igeragezwa ry’uturemangingo tw’izuba, bikunze gukoreshwa AM 1.5 G nk’imiterere isanzwe ya spectral. AM isobanura Air Mass, naho AM 1.5 isobanura ko inzira y’imirasire y’izuba inyura mu kirere ari ndende inshuro imwe n’igice ugereranyije n’inzira y’izuba igororotse inyura mu kirere. AM 1.5 G ni ihame rikoreshwa cyane ku isi yose kandi rigaragaza imiterere ya spectral y’imirasire y’izuba inyura mu kirere no ku buso bw’isi ku manywa y’izuba, ibi bikaba bihuye n’ubukana bw’urumuri rwa 1000 W/m². AM 1.5 G ni ihame rikoreshwa ku isi yose rigaragaza imiterere ya spectral iterwa n’urumuri runyura mu kirere no ku buso bw’isi ku manywa y’izuba, kandi rihuye n’ubukana bw’urumuri rwa 1000 W/m² n’ubukana bw’urumuri rwa 100.000 Lux.
Gukoresha AM 1.5 G bituma imiterere y'ibizamini muri laboratwari yegeranye cyane n'imiterere nyayo kugira ngo harebwe neza imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'izuba mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
7. Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'urumuri rwo mu nzu n'ubukana bwarwo
Hariho kandi amahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu yerekeye ubukana bw’urumuri rwo mu nzu. Urugero, dukurikije amahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu y’Ubushinwa (urugero, Igishushanyo mbonera cy’amatara yo mu nyubako GB 50033-2013), ahantu ho mu nzu hagomba gukoreshwa urumuri rutandukanye. Muri rusange, urwego rw’urumuri ku biro bisanzwe rugomba kuba hagati ya 300-500 Lux, mu gihe urugero rw’urumuri ku ishuri rw’ishuri ruri hejuru, akenshi rukaba ruri hejuru ya 500 Lux.
Ku bushyuhe bw'urumuri rwo mu nzu kuri metero kare, iyo ruhinduwe ingufu, ubusanzwe ruba ruri hagati ya wati 5-15/m², bitewe n'ubwoko bw'urumuri nyarwo n'ubushobozi bw'urumuri. Ubu bushyuhe bw'urumuri buri munsi cyane y'ubusanzwe bw'izuba ryo hanze, ariko burahagije mu bikorwa bya buri munsi no mu matara yo mu nzu.
8. Ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'urumuri
Uretse ibintu byavuzwe haruguru, igicucu cy’imyanda nk’umukungugu, amase y’inyoni, amababi, nibindi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku miterere y’urumuri rw’uturemangingo twa PV, bityo bigabanye ingufu zitangwa. Ibi bizabuza igice cy’izuba kugera ku buso bw’uturemangingo twa photovoltaic, hakavuka icyo bita "ingaruka z’ahantu hashyushye", ni ukuvuga ko ubushyuhe bw’uturemangingo twafunzwe bwiyongera, ntibigabanya gusa imikorere, ahubwo bishobora no kwangiza uturemangingo.
Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, uturemangingo twa PV tugomba gusukurwa buri gihe kugira ngo ubuso bukomeze kuba bwiza kandi bugatuma urumuri rwinjira cyane. Ku duce tumwe na tumwe duherereye ahantu hari umucanga n'umukungugu mwinshi cyangwa ahantu inyoni zikunda gukora kenshi, gushyiraho agatambaro ko kwisukura cyangwa gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusukura byombi ni ibisubizo byiza kurushaho.
9. Incamake
Imiterere y'urumuri ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi mu kugena ingufu zitangwa n'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Ubukana bw'urumuri, inguni y'impinduka, igihe urumuri rumara, imiterere y'ikirere n'imiterere ya spectral byose bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ingufu za PV. Kugira ngo twongere imbaraga zitangwa n'uturemangingo tw'izuba, tugomba kuzirikana izi ngero z'urumuri no gushushanya no kubungabunga sisitemu ya PV neza, nko gushyiraho icyuma gikurikirana izuba, gusukura ibishushanyo mbonera buri gihe, no kubungabunga ubushyuhe bukwiye.
Mu gukomeza kunoza imiterere n'ikoreshwa ry'uturemangingo twa PV, dushobora gukoresha neza ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba no gutanga umusanzu mwiza mu kugera ku ngufu zisukuye ku bantu bose no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
