I te kaha haere o te huringa āhuarangi me ngā take taiao, kua noho te rapunga mō te pūngao ma, whai hua, me te pumau hei kaupapa matua o te ao. Ko te pūngao hiko-rā (PV) me te pūngao karihi he rua ngā hangarau pūngao ma rongonui he nui te pūmanawa. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ō rāua ahunga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei, me te mea ka taea e rāua te whakakapi i ngā pūtake pūngao tuku iho.
Kua tino ahu whakamua te hangarau PV pūngao rā i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, ā, e matapaetia ana ka ahu whakamua ake i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei: te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakaiti i ngā utu hanga, te whakapakari i te pakari, me te whakauru i te whakahaere atamai. Ka eke ngā panera pūngao rā o nāianei ki te toharite o te whai huatanga tahuritanga o te 20%, me te kaha ki te neke atu i te 30% a muri ake nei. E matapaetia ana ka heke iho ngā utu hanga o ngā panera pūngao rā mā te 60% atu i te tau 2030. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā whanaketanga o ngā rauemi me te hoahoa ka whakapai ake i te roa o te ora o ngā panera me te urutau ki ngā taiao tino kino, i te mea ka arotauhia e ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai te whakamahinga pūngao. E matapaetia ana e te International Energy Agency ka neke atu te kaha PV o te ao i te 1.5 terawatts i te tau 2030, he mea nui tēnei i roto i te whakawhiti pūngao o te ao.
He nui hoki te pūmanawa o te pūngao karihi hei pūtake pūngao ma, whai hua hoki, mō te whanaketanga ā muri ake nei. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko ngā tauhohenga o te whakatupuranga tuawhā, te whakahaere para karihi kua whakapaitia, te hangarau hanumi karihi, me ngā mahi haumaru kua whakarei ake. Ko te whāinga o ngā tauhohenga matatau ko te whakapiki i te whai huatanga, te haumaru, me te pumau, me te tumanako ka whakatinanahia te arumoni i te tau 2050. Ko ngā hangarau kua whakapaitia mō te whakahaere me te penapena para karihi, pērā i te tukunga hohonu o te whenua me te maimoatanga plasma, e aro ana ki ngā āwangawanga kua roa e noho ana. Ahakoa he whakamātautau tonu te hanumi karihi, he pūtake pūngao tata kore mutunga me te iti o te para me te haumaru teitei. E whakatau ana te International Atomic Energy Agency ka takirua te kaha karihi i roto i ngā tau 20, ka taea te whakarato i te neke atu i te kotahi-hautoru o ngā hiahia hiko o Ūropi.
Ahakoa he wero kei te pā ki ngā pūngao rā me te pūngao karihi, he huarahi nui ēnei hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua. He rerekē te whakawhirinaki o ngā pūngao rā ki te huarere me te wātea o te whenua ki ngā utu tīmatanga teitei me ngā take whakahaere para o te pūngao karihi. Ahakoa ēnei herenga, he tautoko, he mea nui hoki ngā pūtake pūngao e rua mō te whakatutuki i tētahi heke mai pumau. Mā ngā whanaketanga hangarau, hanganga, me ngā kaupapa here ka taea e ēnei pūtake pūngao ma te whai wāhi nui ki te whakawhiti pūngao o te ao.
