Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'amashanyarazi ari mu tunyangingo tw'izuba, nk'amashanyarazi yijimye, umuriro usubira inyuma, n'amashanyarazi asohoka. Aya mashanyarazi agira ingaruka zitandukanye ku ngufu zituruka kuri module z'izuba. Gutandukanya imiterere y'aya mashanyarazi bishobora gufasha kumenya impamvu zitera imbaraga zidasanzwe zituruka kuri module, bigafasha mu gukemura ibibazo neza.
Umugezi wijimye
Ibisobanuro
Umuriro wijimye, uzwi kandi nka reverse saturation current under no illumination, yerekeza ku muriro wijimye wa DC ukomoka mu ihuriro rya PN mu gihe nta rumuri ruriho. Muri rusange uterwa n'ikwirakwira ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa inenge ku buso no imbere mu gikoresho, ndetse n'imyanda yangiza.
Imiterere
(1).Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza:Mu gice cy’amahuriro ya PN, hari electron nyinshi mu gace ka N n’imyobo myinshi mu gace ka P. Bitewe n’itandukaniro ry’ubwinshi bw’amashanyarazi, electron mu gace ka N zikwirakwira yerekeza mu gace ka P, naho imyobo mu gace ka P zikwirakwira yerekeza mu gace ka N. Nubwo amashanyarazi yubatswe mu gice cy’amahuriro ya PN arwanya uku gukwirakwira, biracyabaho kugeza igihe habayeho uburinganire buhamye, bigatuma habaho umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ukwirakwira.
(2).Inenge n'umwanda:Iyo hari inenge ku buso cyangwa imbere mu gikoresho, zikora nk'ahantu ho gusubiramo ibintu, zigafata electron n'imyobo kandi zigatuma gusubiramo ibintu byoroshye. Imyanda yangiza igira uruhare nk'urwo, ikagira uruhare mu ikorwa ry'umuraba wijimye.
Ingaruka
Umuriro wijimye ukunze kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gutondekanya wafer ya silikoni. Umuriro wijimye mwinshi ugaragaza ubwiza bwa wafer butari bwiza, nk'imiterere myinshi y'ubuso, inenge nyinshi za lattice, umwanda wangiza, cyangwa ingano nyinshi cyane ya doping. Uturemangingo tw'izuba twakozwe muri wafer nk'izo akenshi tuba dufite igihe gito cyo gutwara, bigatuma tudahindura ibintu neza.
Umuyaga wijimye mu turemangingo tw'izuba
Muri diode zoroshye, umuriro wijimye uhuye n'umuriro usubira inyuma. Ariko, muri za selile z'izuba, umuriro wijimye urimo umuriro usubira inyuma, umuriro usubira inyuma, n'umuriro usubira inyuma.
Umuvuduko w'amazi usubira inyuma
Ibisobanuro
Umuriro wo gukwirakwiza usubira inyuma werekeza ku muriro uri mu ihuriro rya PN iyo hakoreshejwe reverse bias. Voltage yo gusubira inyuma yagura urwego rwo kugabanuka, yongera ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'ingufu zishobora guterwa na electrons. Ibi bituma bigora abatwara amashanyarazi benshi kwambuka uruzitiro, bigagabanya umuriro wo gukwirakwiza ugera hafi ya zeru.
Imiterere
1. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhindagurika: Ubwiyongere bw'amashanyarazi butuma byorohera abatwara amashanyarazi bo mu turere twa N na P kugenda buhoro buhoro, bigatuma habaho umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi usubira inyuma.
2. Gushingira ku bushyuhe: Kubera ko ibikoresho by’ubushyuhe bikomoka ku buntu, umubare wabyo ntuhinduka ku bushyuhe runaka, ndetse n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uhinduka.
Umuyoboro w'amazi usohoka
Ibisobanuro
Uturemangingo tw’izuba dushobora kugabanywamo uturere dutatu: urwego ruto (akarere ka N), urwego rwo kugabanuka kw’amazi (PN), n’akarere k’ubunini (akarere ka P). Inenge n’imyanda muri utwo turere bikora nk’ahantu ho gusubiramo, bigafata electron n’imyobo kugira ngo byorohere gusubiramo amazi. Iyi nzira ikora imiyoboro mito, igatera imbaraga z’umuraba wijimye wapimwe.
Ubwoko
· Umuyoboro w'amazi usohoka mu cyiciro gito: Uterwa n'ubusembwa n'umwanda mu gice gito.
· Umuyoboro w'amazi uva mu bwinshi: Uterwa n'ubusembwa n'imyanda mu gace k'ubwinshi.
Intego yo gupima umuriro wijimye
1. Kurinda kwangirika kw'ingufu
Iyo ingirabuzimafatizo zishingiye ku ruhande rumwe cyangwa polarity ya module igahinduka, umuriro mwinshi w’umwijima ushobora gutuma ingirabuzimafatizo zisenyuka vuba. Nubwo bidakunze kubaho, gupima umuriro w’umwijima bifasha gukumira ibyo.
2. Gukurikirana inzira z'umusaruro
Isuzuma ry'umuraba wijimye rifasha kumenya ibibazo bishobora kubaho mu mikorere. Umuraba wijimye ugizwe n'umuraba wijimye usubira inyuma, umuraba wijimye usohoka mu buryo buciriritse, n'umuraba wijimye usohoka mu buryo bunini, ugaragazwa na J1J_1J1, J2J_2J2, na J3J_3J3, uko bikurikirana.
Iyo voltage ikoreshejwe inyuma:
· Akarere ka 1: Gatuwe na J2J_2J2 (umuyoboro muto wo kuvogera).
· Akarere ka 2: Gatuwe na J3J_3J3 (umuyoboro w’amazi uva mu bwinshi).
· Akarere ka 3: Gatuwe na J1J_1J1 (umuyoboro w’amazi usubira inyuma).
Imbibi z'utu turere zigenwa n'ingufu zihariye zo gupima.
Ingaruka z'amashanyarazi
Iyo voltage ishyizwe kuri selile, itera amashanyarazi gutera silicon wafer, ibintu bitera imbaraga bidahuza. Uko voltage iba nyinshi, niko imodoka zirushaho gushyuha, bigatuma umuriro wijimye uba mwinshi. Ariko, umuvuduko wo gukura uragabanuka uko voltage yiyongera kugeza selile icitse.
Isuzumabumenyi risanzwe
Ubusanzwe umuriro wijimye upimwa kuri 12V. Mu kugereranya ibisubizo by'ikizamini n'imirongo isanzwe, imiterere y'akagari ishobora gupimwa:
· Umugezi wijimye cyane mu Karere ka 1 ugaragaza ibibazo biri mu gice gito cy'amazi.
· Umugezi wijimye cyane mu Karere ka 2 ugaragaza ibibazo mu gace kanini.
· Umuriro wijimye cyane mu Karere ka 3 ugaragaza ibibazo biri mu ihuriro rya PN, nko gukwirakwira kw'amazi, gucapa ecran, cyangwa ubushyuhe buhindagurika.
Umwanzuro
Gupima umwijima ni ingenzi mu kumenya ibibazo bifitanye isano n'imikorere no kunoza umusaruro w'uturemangingo tw'izuba.
