Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla angaphakathi kwamaseli elanga, njengogesi omnyama, ugesi obuyela emuva, kanye nogesi ovuzayo. La mandla anezinga elihlukahlukene lomthelela ekuphumeni kwamandla kwamamojula elanga. Ukuhlukanisa izici zala mandla kungasiza ekuboneni izimbangela zokukhishwa kwamandla okungajwayelekile kwemojula, okunegalelo ekuxazululweni okuphelele kwezinkinga.
Ugesi Omnyama
Incazelo
Ugesi omnyama, owaziwa nangokuthi ugesi obuyela emuva ngaphansi kokukhanya okungenakukhanya, ubhekisela kugesi obuyela emuva we-DC okhiqizwa endaweni yokuhlangana kwe-PN ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhetha okubuyela emuva lapho kungekho ukukhanya kwesigameko. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukusabalala komthwali noma amaphutha ebusweni nangaphakathi kwedivayisi, kanye nokungcola okuyingozi.
Ukwakheka
(1).Inqubo Yokusabalalisa:Ngaphakathi kwe-PN junction, kunezinhlayiya eziningi esifundeni se-N kanye nezinhlayiya eziningi esifundeni se-P. Ngenxa yomehluko wokuhlushwa, izinhlayiya esifundeni se-N ziyasakazeka ziye esifundeni se-P, kanti izinhlayiya esifundeni se-P ziyasakazeka ziye esifundeni se-N. Nakuba insimu kagesi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ye-PN junction imelana nalokhu kusakazeka, kusenzeka kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ukulingana okuguquguqukayo, okwakha ugesi wokusabalalisa.
(2).Amaphutha Nokungcola:Uma kukhona amaphutha ebusweni noma ngaphakathi kwedivayisi, asebenza njengezikhungo zokuhlanganisa kabusha, abambe ama-electron nezimbobo futhi enze kube lula ukuhlanganisa kabusha. Ukungcola okulimazayo kudlala indima efanayo, okufaka isandla ekwakhekeni kogesi omnyama.
Umthelela
Ugesi omnyama uvame ukucatshangelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlunga i-silicon wafer. Ugesi omnyama owedlulele ubonisa ikhwalithi ye-wafer ephansi, njengezimo eziningi zobuso, amaphutha amaningi e-lattice, ukungcola okulimazayo, noma amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-doping. Amaseli elanga enziwe ngama-wafer anjalo avame ukubonisa impilo yokuthwala ephansi, okuholela ngqo ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphansi.
Ukukhanya Okumnyama Kumaseli Elanga
Kuma-diode alula, ugesi omnyama uhambelana nogesi obuyela emuva. Nokho, kumaseli elanga, ugesi omnyama uhlanganisa ugesi obuyela emuva, ugesi ovuzayo onezingqimba ezincane, kanye nogesi ovuzayo ngobuningi.
I-Reverse Saturation Current
Incazelo
Ugesi obuyela emuva ubhekisela kugesi osendaweni yokuhlangana kwe-PN lapho kusetshenziswa i-reverse bias. I-voltage ebuyela emuva yandisa ungqimba lokuphelelwa amandla, yandisa insimu kagesi kanye namandla angaba khona ama-electron. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngabathwali abaningi ukuwela isithiyo, kunciphisa ugesi osakazekayo ube cishe yi-zero.
Ukwakheka
1. Ugesi Ogelezayo: Insimu kagesi ekhulayo yenza kube lula ukuthi abathwali bezimoto abancane ezindaweni ze-N ne-P bageleze, bakhe ugesi obuyela emuva.
2. Ukuncika Ezingeni Lokushisa: Njengoba abathwali bezinto ezincane bekhiqizwa ngokushisa, inani labo lihlala linjalo ekushiseni okunikeziwe, futhi kunjalo nangogesi obuyela emuva.
Ukuvuza Kwamanje
Incazelo
Amaseli elanga angahlukaniswa ngezifunda ezintathu: ungqimba oluncane (isifunda se-N), ungqimba lokuncipha (i-PN junction), kanye nesifunda esikhulu (isifunda se-P). Amaphutha nokungcola kulezi zifunda kusebenza njengezikhungo zokuhlanganisa kabusha, zibamba ama-electron nezimbobo ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganisa kabusha. Le nqubo ikhiqiza imisinga emincane, enegalelo kumisinga omnyama olinganisiwe.
Izinhlobo
· Umsinga Wokuvuza Osezingqimbeni Ezincane: Okubangelwa amaphutha nokungcola osezingqimbeni ezincane.
· Umsinga Wokuvuza Okukhulu: Okubangelwa amaphutha nokungcola endaweni enkulu.
Inhloso Yokuhlolwa Kwamanje Okumnyama
1. Ukuvimbela Ukuwohloka
Uma iseli libheke emuva noma i-module polarity ibuyiselwa emuva, ugesi omnyama owedlulele ungaholela ekuqhekekeni kweseli okusheshayo. Nakuba kungavamile, ukuhlola ugesi omnyama kusiza ukuvimbela ukwenzeka okunjalo.
2. Ukuqapha Izinqubo Zokukhiqiza
Ukuhlolwa kwamanje amnyama kusiza ekuboneni izinkinga zenqubo ezingaba khona. Umanje omnyama wakhiwe umugqa wokugcwala obuyela emuva, umugqa wokuvuza ongqimba oluncane, kanye nomugqa wokuvuza obuningi, omelelwa yi-J1J_1J1, J2J_2J2, kanye ne-J3J_3J3, ngokulandelana.
Uma kusetshenziswa i-reverse voltage:
· Isifunda 1: Sibuswa yi-J2J_2J2 (umsinga wokuvuza onongqimba oluncane).
· Isifunda 2: Sibuswa yi-J3J_3J3 (umsinga wokuvuza okukhulu).
· Isifunda 3: Kubuswa yi-J1J_1J1 (umugqa wokugcwala obuyela emuva).
Imingcele yalezi zifunda inqunywa ngama-voltage athile okuhlola.
Imiphumela Ye-Voltage
Uma i-voltage ifakwa esitokisini, ibangela ukufakwa kukagesi ku-silicon wafer, okubangela ukungalingani okuthakazelisayo. Uma i-voltage iphakeme, kulapho i-transporter ivuselelwa khona kakhulu, okuholela ku-dark current ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokukhula liyehla njengoba i-voltage ikhuphuka kuze kube yilapho iseli liqhekeka.
Ukuhlolwa Okujwayelekile
Ugesi omnyama uvame ukuhlolwa ku-12V. Ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa nama-curve ajwayelekile, isimo seli singahlolwa:
· Ukukhanya okumnyama okweqile esifundeni 1 kubonisa izinkinga ongqimbeni oluncane.
· Ukukhanya okumnyama okweqile esifundeni sesi-2 kubonisa izinkinga esifundeni esikhulu.
· Ukukhanya okumnyama okweqile esifundeni sesi-3 kubonisa izinkinga nge-PN junction, njengokusabalala, ukuphrinta kwesikrini, noma ukungalingani kwezinga lokushisa.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlola ugesi omnyama kubalulekile ekuboneni izinkinga ezihlobene nenqubo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli elanga.
