Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’ingufu za photovoltaic (PV) mu myaka mike ishize, biteganijwe ko ishyirwaho rya sisitemu ya PV ku isi rizarenga 450 GW uyu mwaka. Kubera ko umutungo ukwiye w’ubutaka ugenda urushaho kuba muke, isoko rigomba gusuzuma ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za PV zitandukanye. Muri SNEC y’uyu mwaka, imurikagurisha rinini ku isi rikoresha imirasire y’izuba, abakora modules benshi bagaragaje ibicuruzwa byagenewe ibidukikije bitandukanye, hamwe n’ikoreshwa rya PV igenda mu mazi n’iy’ubutayu rigaragara cyane. Izi porogaramu nshya ntizikemura gusa ikibazo cy’ubuke bw’ubutaka ahubwo zinahuza n’ibidukikije byo mu gace, bitanga inyungu mu bukungu no mu bidukikije.
Iyi nkuru irasuzuma uburyo ikoranabuhanga rya PV rikoreshwa, imiterere ya tekiniki, n'ubushobozi bw'ikoranabuhanga rya PV rigenda mu kirere n'irya kure mu gihe kizaza. Binyuze mu bushakashatsi, tuzasesengura ibyiza byaryo n'imbogamizi zaryo mu mikoreshereze isanzwe.
PV igenda mu mazi: Porogaramu n'ibiranga
Floating PV ni ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi ritanga icyizere rikubiyemo gushyira panneaux solaire ku buso bw'amazi kugira ngo hakorwe amashanyarazi. Ritanga ibyiza byinshi, birimo kurengera ibidukikije, inyungu z'ubukungu, n'agaciro k'imibereho myiza. Mu bijyanye no gushyiraho, gukoresha ibikoresho birengera ibidukikije bifasha kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, mu gihe koroshya kandi vuba gushyiraho bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ubwubatsi kandi birinda amakimbirane ashingiye ku mutungo w'ubutaka akunze kugaragara mu mishinga ya PV ishyirwa ku butaka.
Ingufu ziremereye zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: amazi yo mu nyanja n'ayo mu gihugu. Imishinga yo mu gihugu irimo gushyira mu biyaga, ibigega by'amazi, ibyobo by'ubucukuzi byasizwe, ibiyaga by'ubukorano n'ibidendezi.
Ibiranga tekiniki
Ku bijyanye no guhitamo module, module z'ibirahure bibiri zifite imikorere myiza cyane mu gukoresha PV igenda mu mazi, kuko zikemura ibibazo byo kwinjira mu mwuka w'amazi kandi zishobora kongera ingufu ku kigero cya 5-10% ugereranije na sisitemu zishyirwa hasi. Mu bijyanye n'imiterere ya sisitemu, amazi afite ubujyakuzimu buri munsi ya metero 3 akunze gukoresha ishingiro ry'ibirundo bihamye, mu gihe amazi yo mu bujyakuzimu (arenga metero 3) yishingikiriza ku nyubako zigenda mu mazi, nka pontoon-based cyangwa based box-based. Kubera ko ishyirwaho rya PV igenda mu mazi akenshi riba ryihuse kandi ryoroshye kuruta iry'ubutaka, abakora ikoranabuhanga barimo kurushaho gushakisha uru rwego, barema isoko ryihariye ry'abakora module. Iyi ngendo yagaragaye muri SNEC, aho amasosiyete menshi yerekanye module za PV zagenewe gukoreshwa mu mazi, bigaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye bw'izuba rigenda mu mazi.
Mu gihe PV igenda irushaho kwiyongera, biteganijwe ko Ubushinwa buzatangiza imishinga ya PV yo mu mazi iri hagati ya 2 na 3 GW uyu mwaka, cyane cyane mu ntara zo ku nkombe nka Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, na Fujian. Imishinga myinshi muri iyi iteganijwe kubakwa hagati ya mu mpera za 2024 n'intangiriro za 2025, aho kohereza ibicuruzwa bizatangira mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2024. Icy'ingenzi ni uko Sungrow Floating PV, ifite isoko rinini, ari yo sosiyete yonyine ifite ubushobozi bwo kubaka imishinga ya PV igenda mu mazi mu burebure bwa metero 100.
Uretse gushyiraho ingufu nini mu mazi, imishinga ya PV ishingiye ku mazi yo mu gihugu cy'Ubushinwa nayo itanga amahirwe akomeye. Iyi mishinga ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bya sisitemu zihuriweho cyangwa zikwirakwizwa. Imishinga ya PV ihuriweho n'abantu benshi, akenshi yubatswe mu duce duto duturuka mu bucukuzi bw'amakara, ubusanzwe ingana na MW 50 kugeza 200. Hagati aho, imishinga ya PV ishingiye ku bidendezi muri rusange ingana na MW 5 kugeza 30. Muri rusange, imishinga ya PV yo mu mazi yo mu Bushinwa igaragaza ubushobozi bunini, kandi Infolink yiteze ko ingufu za PV zo mu Bushinwa zizarenga GW 5 uyu mwaka, aho ingufu za 7-8 GW ku isi yose.
Imbogamizi n'ibisubizo
Nubwo itera imbere neza, PV igenda mu mazi ihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi, harimo n'ibisabwa mu bwubatsi no kubungabunga. Byongeye kandi, impungenge ku bwiza bw'amazi n'ibidukikije byo mu mazi zisaba kongerwamo imbaraga binyuze mu bushakashatsi. Mu rwego rwo gusubiza ibibazo, amasosiyete arimo arashyiraho ibisubizo byo gukemura ibi bibazo. Urugero, Sungrow Floating PV yashyize mu bikorwa ibikoresho by'ibiribwa mu mushinga wayo w'ikigega cya megawati 60 muri Singapuru kugira ngo irebe ko amazi afite umutekano. Kubera ko amasosiyete menshi akoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n'amahame akomeye yo kubungabunga ibidukikije, kwemerwa kwa PV igenda irushaho kwiyongera, bitegura iterambere rirambye.
PV yo mu butayu: Porogaramu n'ibiranga
Ubutayu bwa PV bukoresha izuba ryinshi n'ahantu hanini kandi hafunguye kugira ngo bugere ku musaruro w'amashanyarazi uhagije kandi uhendutse. Ubushinwa ni igihugu cya mbere ku isi mu bikorwa byo gukoresha imirasire y'izuba mu butayu, gifite imishinga minini mu turere twumye nka Xinjiang na Mongoliya y'imbere. Gahunda ya "Shagehuang", ari yo mashini ya mbere y'ingufu z'izuba n'umuyaga mu Bushinwa ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha imirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga, igaragaza iyi gahunda. Icyiciro cya mbere (1 GW) cyamaze guhuzwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, mu gihe igice cya kabiri n'icya gatatu birimo kubakwa.
Bitewe n'amategeko akaze agenga imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ku mirima minini ikoresha ingufu z'izuba, abakora umushinga w'ubuhinzi barimo kwifashisha cyane mu turere tw'ubutayu, aho kubona ubutaka byoroshye. Byongeye kandi, imishinga ya PV yo mu butayu igira uruhare mu gusana ibidukikije binyuze mu gufasha mu gutera amashyamba, bigatuma "gutera ibiti mu butayu hakoreshejwe ingufu z'izuba" biba ingamba zigezweho.
Imbogamizi za tekiniki n'uburyo bwo kuzihindura
Ibidukikije byo mu butayu bitera imbogamizi zikomeye ku miterere ya PV, harimo ubushyuhe bwinshi, ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi, imirasire ikomeye ya ultraviolet, n’imvura y’umucanga. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, abakora ibikoresho barimo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga nko kugira ikirahure kinini mu kurwanya umucanga, kwirinda ivumbi, no kunoza ubushyuhe.
Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, amabwiriza yihariye agomba kubahirizwa. Urugero, muri Mongoliya y'imbere, imishinga y'izuba igomba guhuza ububiko bw'ingufu kugira ngo amashanyarazi akomeze guhindagurika kandi igasaba module ya PV yo mu gace n'umusaruro wa bateri. Byongeye kandi, imbogamizi zo kohereza amashanyarazi mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa zigabanya kohereza amashanyarazi mu zindi ntara, bigagabanya inyungu mu mishinga ya PV yo mu butayu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, icyifuzo cyo guteza imbere PV yo mu butayu kiracyari gito mu 2024.
Ibyiringiro by'ejo hazaza
Ikoranabuhanga rya PV ryo mu butayu n’iryo mu mazi ritanga icyizere cy’ejo hazaza h’ingufu zishobora kongera imbaraga. Kugira ngo inyungu z’ubukungu zirusheho kwiyongera, imishinga imwe n’imwe ya PV yo mu mazi irimo ubworozi bw’amafi n’ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku bidukikije, bigakora icyitegererezo cy’ "uburobyi bushingiye ku mirasire y’izuba". Hagati aho, imishinga ya PV yo mu butayu irimo gusuzuma uburyo butandukanye, ihuza ingufu z’izuba n’ubuhinzi no gusana ibidukikije kugira ngo hatezwe imbere pariki z’ubutayu zirambye.
Nubwo izi porogaramu zikomeje kuba isoko ryihariye ku isi, iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rikomeje no gushyigikira politiki bishobora gutuma ziyongera. Bitewe n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’ibura ry’ingufu, haba mu mazi no mu butayu, haba mu mazi no mu butayu, bifite ubushobozi bwo kugera ku buringanire hagati y’ubukungu n’ibidukikije birambye, bigatuma habaho impinduka nziza ku isoko ry’ingufu.
