I te tere o te pikinga ake o ngā tāutanga hiko photovoltaic (PV) i ngā tau kua taha ake nei, e matapaetia ana ka neke atu i te 450 GW ngā tāutanga pūnaha PV o te ao i tēnei tau. I te mea ka iti haere ngā rauemi whenua e tika ana, me tūhura te mākete i ngā tono PV kanorau ake. I te SNEC o tēnei tau, te whakaaturanga pūngao rā nui rawa atu o te ao, he maha ngā kaihanga kōwae i whakaatu i ngā hua i hangaia mō ngā taiao rerekē, me ngā tono PV rere me te koraha e tūwhera ana. Kāore ēnei tono auaha e aro noa ki te iti o te whenua engari ka whakauru atu ki ngā rauropi ā-rohe, e tuku ana i ngā painga ōhanga me te taiao.
Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā horopaki tono, ngā āhuatanga hangarau, me te pūmanawa ā muri ake nei o ngā hangarau PV rere me te koraha. Mā roto i ngā rangahau take, ka tātarihia e mātou ō rātou painga me ngā wero i roto i ngā tono o te ao tūturu.
PV Mānu: Ngā Taupānga me ngā Āhuatanga
He hangarau hou, he hangarau whai hua hoki te whakamahi i te PV mānu, e uru ana ki te tāuta i ngā panera rā ki runga i ngā mata wai hei whakaputa hiko. He maha ngā painga o tēnei hangarau, tae atu ki te tiaki taiao, ngā painga ōhanga, me te uara pāpori. Mō te tāutanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hoa-taiao ka āwhina i te tiaki i ngā rauropi wai, ā, mā te whakatinanatanga ngāwari me te tere ka whakaiti i ngā utu hanga me te karo i ngā tautohe mō te mana whenua e pā ana ki ngā kaupapa PV e mau ana i runga i te whenua.
E rua ngā wāhanga o ngā pūngao hiko mānu: ngā wai o tai me ngā wai o uta. Kei roto i ngā kaupapa o uta ngā whakaurunga ki ngā roto, ngā puna wai, ngā poka keri kua whakarērea, ngā roto horihori, me ngā roto wai.
Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau
Mō te kōwhiringa mōrahi, he tino whai hua ngā mōrahi karāhe mata-rua i roto i ngā tono PV mānu, nā te mea ka aro atu ki ngā take uruhanga o te kohu wai, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whakaputa hiko mā te 5-10% ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūnaha e mau ana i te whenua. Mō te hoahoa pūnaha, ko ngā wai he iti iho i te 3 mita te hohonutanga e whakamahi ana i ngā turanga pou-pūmau, ko ngā wai hohonu ake (neke atu i te 3 mita) e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hanganga mānu, pērā i ngā papa pontoon, papa pouaka rānei. Nā te mea he tere ake, he māmā ake hoki ngā tāutanga PV mānu i ngā mea e mau ana i te whenua, kei te tūhura haere ngā kaiwhakawhanake i tēnei rāngai, ka hangaia he mākete rerekē mō ngā kaihanga mōrahi. I kitea tēnei ia i SNEC, i reira he maha ngā kamupene i whakaatu i ngā mōrahi PV i hangaia mō ngā tono e mau ana i te wai, e whakaata ana i te kaha tipu nui o te pūngao rā mānu.
I te mea kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā PV mānu, e matapaetia ana ka tīmata a Haina i ngā kaupapa PV o waho o te moana e 2-3 GW te tapeke i tēnei tau, ko te nuinga i ngā kawanatanga takutai moana pērā i a Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, me Fujian. He maha o ēnei kaupapa kua whakaritea kia hangaia i waenga i te mutunga o te tau 2024 me te tīmatanga o te tau 2025, me te tīmata o ngā tuku i te hauwhā tuawhā o te tau 2024. He mea nui, ko Sungrow Floating PV, te kaipupuri i te wāhanga mākete nui rawa atu, ko ia anake te kamupene e kaha ana ki te hanga kaupapa PV mānu i roto i ngā wai neke atu i te 100 mita te hohonu.
Haunga ngā whakaurunga nui o te moana, he nui ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā kaupapa PV wai-whenua i Haina. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ēnei kaupapa hei pūnaha pokapū, hei pūnaha tohatoha rānei. Ko ngā kaupapa PV whenua-whenua pokapū, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia i ngā wāhi totohu mai i te keri waro, he maha ngā wā kei waenganui i te 50 ki te 200 MW. I taua wā, ko ngā kaupapa PV roto-roto tohatoha he maha ngā wā kei waenganui i te 5 ki te 30 MW. I te katoa, he nui te pūmanawa o ngā kaupapa PV wai-whenua o Haina, ā, e matapaetia ana e Infolink ka neke atu i te 5 GW ngā whakaurunga PV rere o Haina i tēnei tau, me ngā whakaurunga ā-ao katoa e eke ana ki te 7-8 GW.
Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga
Ahakoa tōna tipu pai, he maha ngā wero kei mua i te PV rere, tae atu ki ngā whakaritenga hanga me te tiaki uaua. Hei tāpiri, me whakamana anō ngā āwangawanga mō te kounga o te wai me ngā rauropi wai mā roto i ngā rangahau take. Hei whakautu, kei te whakauru mai ngā kamupene i ngā otinga hei whakatika i ēnei take. Hei tauira, i whakatinanahia e Sungrow Floating PV ngā rauemi kounga kai i roto i tana kaupapa puna wai 60 MW i Singapore hei whakarite i te haumaru o te kounga o te wai. I te mea he maha ake ngā kamupene e whakamahi ana i ngā hangarau auaha me ngā paerewa taiao pakari, kei te piki haere te whakaae a te marea ki te PV rere, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō te whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Koraha PV: Ngā Taupānga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ka whakamahia e te PV o te Koraha te nui o te rā me ngā whenua whānui, tuwhera hei whakatutuki i te pai o te mahi me te whakaputa hiko utu-pai. Ko Haina te kaiārahi o te ao i roto i ngā kaupapa hiko pūngao o te koraha, me ngā kaupapa nui i ngā rohe maroke pērā i a Xinjiang me Mongolia o Roto. Ko te kaupapa "Shagehuang", te turanga hiko pūngao me te hau ranu taumata-10 GW tuatahi o Haina, e whakaatu ana i tēnei ia. Kua honoa kētia te wāhanga tuatahi (1 GW) ki te whatunga hiko, ko te wāhanga tuarua me te tuatoru kei te hangaia.
Nā te kaha ake o ngā ture whakamahi whenua mō ngā pāmu hiko pūngao rā nui, kei te huri haere ngā kaiwhakawhanake ki ngā wāhi koraha, he wāhi e māmā ake ai te hoko whenua. Heoi anō, ka whai wāhi ngā kaupapa hiko pūngao rā ki te whakaora taiao mā te āwhina i ngā mahi whakato ngahere, ka waiho te "whakamakuku koraha e whakamahia ana e te pūngao rā" hei rautaki hou.
Ngā Wero Hangarau me ngā Whakarerekētanga
He tino wero ngā taiao koraha mō ngā waeine PV, tae atu ki ngā pāmahana teitei, ngā rerekētanga nui o te pāmahana o ia rā, te hihi ultraviolet kaha, me ngā awha onepu. Hei whakatika i ēnei take, kei te whakatairanga ngā kaihanga i ngā hangarau pēnei i te karāhe matotoru ake hei ātete ki te onepu, ngā paninga ārai-puehu, me te manawanui wera ake.
I ētahi rohe, me tutuki ngā ture motuhake. Hei tauira, i roto i a Mongolia o Roto, me whakauru ngā kaupapa pūngao rā ki te rokiroki pūngao mō te pumau o te whatunga hiko, ā, me hanga he waeine PV ā-rohe me te pākahiko. Heoi anō, ko ngā here tuku hiko i te raki-mā-uru o Haina ka whakawhāiti i ngā kaweake hiko ki ētahi atu kawanatanga, ka whakaiti i te hiahia ki ngā kaupapa PV koraha. Nō reira, he iti tonu te hiahia mō te whakawhanaketanga PV koraha i te tau 2024.
Ngā Tūmanako ā-Mārama
Ko ngā hangarau PV mānu me ngā hangarau PV koraha e tohu ana i ngā huarahi whai hua mō te heke mai o te pūngao whakahou. Hei whakanui ake i ngā painga ōhanga, ko ētahi kaupapa PV mānu e whakauru ana i te mahi ahuwhenua ika me te tūruhi taiao, e hanga ana i tētahi tauira "hī ika-rā" whakauru. I taua wā, kei te tūhuratia e ngā kaupapa PV koraha ngā huarahi maha-mahi, e whakauru ana i te mana o te rā ki te ahuwhenua me te whakaora taiao hei whakawhanake i ngā papa koraha pumau.
Ahakoa kei te noho tonu ēnei tono hei mākete motuhake o te ao, mā te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau me ngā kaupapa here tautoko ka taea te akiaki i tō rātou whānui. I te mea kei te piki haere ngā āwangawanga mō te taiao me te tono mō te pūngao, kei a ngā PV rere me ngā PV koraha te kaha ki te whakatutuki i te taurite i waenga i te oranga ōhanga me te pumau o te taiao, ka waihanga i tētahi horopaki wikitoria mō te whakawhiti pūngao.
