Njengoba ukwanda okusheshayo kokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic (PV) eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukufakwa kwesistimu ye-PV yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kudlule i-450 GW kulo nyaka. Njengoba izinsiza zomhlaba ezifanele ziya ngokuya zincipha, imakethe kumele ihlole izinhlelo ze-PV ezahlukahlukene. Ku-SNEC yalo nyaka, umbukiso welanga omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, abakhiqizi abaningi bamamojula babonise imikhiqizo eyenzelwe izindawo ezahlukene, enezinhlelo ze-PV ezintantayo nezihlane ezivelele. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha azigcini nje ngokubhekana nokuntuleka komhlaba kodwa futhi zihlangana nezinhlelo zemvelo zasendaweni, zinikeza izinzuzo zomnotho nezemvelo.
Lesi sihloko sihlola izimo zohlelo lokusebenza, izici zobuchwepheshe, kanye namathuba esikhathi esizayo obuchwepheshe be-PV obuntantayo nobehlane. Ngezifundo zamacala, sizohlaziya izinzuzo nezinselele zabo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela.
I-PV Entantayo: Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Nezici
I-Floating PV ubuchwepheshe obusha nobuthembisayo obuhilela ukufaka amaphaneli elanga ezindaweni zamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Inikeza izinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, izinzuzo zezomnotho, kanye nenani lomphakathi. Ngokuphathelene nokufakwa, ukusebenzisa izinto ezinobungani nemvelo kusiza ekulondolozeni imvelo yasemanzini, kuyilapho ukuthunyelwa okulula nokusheshayo kunciphisa izindleko zokwakha futhi kugwema izingxabano zobunikazi bomhlaba ezivame ukubhekana nazo kumaphrojekthi e-PV afakwe phansi.
I-PV entantayo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: imizimba yamanzi yasogwini kanye neyangaphakathi kwezwe. Amaphrojekthi angaphakathi kwezwe afaka ukufakwa emachibini, emachibini okugcina amanzi, emigodini yezimayini engasasebenzi, emachibini okwenziwa, kanye namachibi.
Izici Zobuchwepheshe
Ekukhetheni amamojula, amamojula engilazi amabili asebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-PV entantayo, njengoba ebhekana nezinkinga zokungena komhwamuko wamanzi futhi angathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngo-5-10% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezifakwe phansi. Ngokuphathelene nomklamo wesistimu, imizimba yamanzi enobunzulu obungaphansi kwamamitha ama-3 ngokuvamile isebenzisa izisekelo zenqwaba eziqinile, kuyilapho amanzi ajulile (ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-3) ethembele ezakhiweni ezintantayo, njengezinkundla ezisekelwe kuma-pontoon noma ezisekelwe ebhokisini. Njengoba ukufakwa kwe-PV entantayo kuvame ukushesha futhi kube lula kunezisekelwe emhlabeni, abathuthukisi baya ngokuya behlola lo mkhakha, bedala imakethe ehlukene yabakhiqizi bamamojula. Lo mkhuba wawubonakala ku-SNEC, lapho izinkampani eziningi zibonise khona amamojula e-PV aklanyelwe ngqo ukusetshenziswa okusekelwe emanzini, okubonisa amandla okukhula abalulekile elanga elintantayo.
Njengoba i-PV entantayo ithola amandla, kulindeleke ukuthi iShayina iqale amaphrojekthi e-PV asogwini afinyelela ku-2-3 GW kulo nyaka, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezisogwini ezifana neShandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, kanye neFujian. Amaphrojekthi amaningi ahlelelwe ukwakhiwa phakathi kokuphela kuka-2024 nasekuqaleni kuka-2025, kanti ukuthunyelwa kuzoqala ngekota yesi-4 ka-2024. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi i-Sungrow Floating PV, ephethe isabelo semakethe esikhulu kunazo zonke, isalokhu iyinkampani kuphela ekwazi ukwakha amaphrojekthi e-PV entantayo emanzini angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 ukujula.
Ngaphandle kokufakwa okukhulu ogwini lolwandle, amaphrojekthi e-PV asekelwe emanzini asezweni eShayina nawo anikeza amathuba abalulekile. La maphrojekthi angahlukaniswa njengezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe noma ezisatshalaliswe. Amaphrojekthi e-PV angaphakathi ezweni, avame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ezivela ezimayini zamalahle, ngokuvamile asukela ku-50 kuya ku-200 MW. Okwamanje, amaphrojekthi e-PV asekelwe echibini asatshalaliswe ngokuvamile asukela ku-5 kuya ku-30 MW. Sekukonke, amaphrojekthi e-PV yamanzi asezweni laseShayina abonisa amandla amakhulu, kanti i-Infolink ilindele ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-PV okuntantayo eShayina kudlule ku-5 GW kulo nyaka, kanti ukufakwa okuhlanganisiwe komhlaba wonke kufinyelela ku-7-8 GW.
Izinselele Nezixazululo
Naphezu kokukhula kwayo okuthembisayo, i-PV entantayo ibhekene nezinselele eziningana, okuhlanganisa nezidingo zokwakha nokulungisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhathazeka ngekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini kudinga ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe ngezifundo zamacala. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani zethula izixazululo zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga. Isibonelo, i-Sungrow Floating PV isebenzise izinto ezisezingeni lokudla kuphrojekthi yayo yokugcina amanzi engu-60 MW eSingapore ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Njengoba izinkampani eziningi zamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo, ukwamukelwa komphakathi kwe-PV entantayo kuyanda kancane kancane, kuvula indlela yentuthuko esimeme.
I-PV Yasehlane: Izicelo kanye nezici
I-PV yasehlane isebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi kanye nezindawo ezinkulu nezivulekile ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla okonga izindleko. I-China ingumholi womhlaba wonke ezinhlelweni zelanga zasehlane, ngamaphrojekthi amakhulu ezindaweni ezomile njenge-Xinjiang kanye ne-Inner Mongolia. Isinyathelo esithi "Shagehuang", isisekelo sokuqala saseShayina se-hybrid solar kanye ne-wind power base esingu-10 GW, sibonisa lokhu kuthambekela. Isigaba sokuqala (1 GW) sesivele sixhunywe kugridi, kuyilapho isigaba sesibili nesesithathu sisakhiwa.
Ngenxa yemithetho eqinile yokusetshenziswa komhlaba emapulazini amakhulu asebenzisa amandla elanga, abathuthukisi baphendukela kakhulu ezindaweni eziwugwadule, lapho ukuthengwa komhlaba kulula khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrojekthi e-PV ogwadule anegalelo ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo ngokusiza emizamweni yokutshala amahlathi, okwenza "ukuluhlaza kogwadule okunamandla elanga" kube isu elivelayo.
Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Izindawo zasehlane zibeka izinselele ezinkulu kumamojula e-PV, okuhlanganisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kwansuku zonke, imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla, kanye neziphepho zesihlabathi. Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, abakhiqizi bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obufana nengilazi ejiyile yokumelana nesihlabathi, ukumbozwa kothuli, kanye nokukhuthazela okuthuthukisiwe kokushisa.
Ezifundeni ezithile, kumele kuhlangatshezwane nemithethonqubo ethile. Isibonelo, e-Inner Mongolia, amaphrojekthi elanga kumele ahlanganise isitoreji samandla ukuze kuqiniswe igridi futhi adinga imodyuli ye-PV yendawo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwebhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo yokudlulisela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeShayina ikhawulela ukuthunyelwa kukagesi kwezinye izifundazwe, okunciphisa intshisekelo kumaphrojekthi e-PV asogwadule. Ngenxa yalokho, isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-PV yasogwadule sisalokhu silinganiselwe ngo-2024.
Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo
Kokubili ubuchwepheshe be-PV entantayo kanye nobehlane bumelela iziqondiso ezithembisayo zesikhathi esizayo samandla avuselelekayo. Ukuze kwandiswe izinzuzo zomnotho, amanye amaphrojekthi e-PV antantayo afaka ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi kanye nokuvakasha kwemvelo, okwakha imodeli ehlanganisiwe "yokudoba ngelanga". Okwamanje, amaphrojekthi e-PV ehlane ahlola izindlela eziningi, ahlanganisa amandla elanga nezolimo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amapaki ehlane azinzile.
Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza okwamanje zisalokhu ziyizimakethe ezihlukile emhlabeni jikelele, ukuqhubeka kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubomgomo ezisekelayo kungaqhubekisela phambili ukwanda kwazo. Njengoba ukukhathazeka kwemvelo kukhula kanye nesidingo samandla, kokubili i-PV entantayo kanye neyasehlane inamandla okufinyelela ibhalansi phakathi kokuphila kahle komnotho kanye nokusimama kwemvelo, okudala isimo esizuzisa bonke abaguqukayo.
