Ngenxa yokwanda ngokukhawuleza kokufakelwa kwe-photovoltaic (PV) kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kulindeleke ukuba ukufakwa kwenkqubo ye-PV yehlabathi kudlule i-450 GW kulo nyaka. Njengoko izixhobo zomhlaba ezifanelekileyo ziya zinqongophala, imakethi kufuneka ihlolisise usetyenziso lwe-PV olwahlukeneyo. Kwi-SNEC yalo nyaka, umboniso welanga omkhulu kwihlabathi liphela, abavelisi abaninzi beemodyuli babonise iimveliso ezenzelwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo, kunye nosetyenziso lwe-PV oluhambayo nolusentlango olubalaseleyo. Ezi zicelo zintsha azijongani nje nokunqongophala komhlaba kodwa zikwadibana neenkqubo zendalo zasekuhlaleni, zibonelela ngeenzuzo zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Eli nqaku liphonononga iimeko zokusetyenziswa, iimpawu zobugcisa, kunye namathuba exesha elizayo eteknoloji ye-PV edadayo neyintlango. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo zemizekelo, siza kuhlalutya izibonelelo kunye nemingeni yazo kwizicelo zehlabathi lokwenyani.
I-PV edadayo: Usetyenziso kunye neempawu
I-Floating PV yiteknoloji entsha nethembisayo equka ukufaka iiphaneli zelanga phezu kwamanzi ukuze kuveliswe umbane. Inika iingenelo ezininzi, kubandakanya ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, iingenelo zoqoqosho, kunye nexabiso lentlalo. Ngokuphathelele ukufakwa, ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunceda ukugcina i-ecosystem yasemanzini, ngelixa ukusasazwa okulula nokukhawulezileyo kunciphisa iindleko zokwakha kwaye kuthintela iingxabano zobunini bomhlaba ezihlala zijongwa kwiiprojekthi ze-PV ezifakwe emhlabeni.
I-PV edadayo inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: imizimba yamanzi eselunxwemeni nangaphakathi. Iiprojekthi zangaphakathi ziquka ukufakelwa kwamachibi, amachibi okugcina amanzi, imigodi engasetyenziswanga, amachibi okwenziwa, kunye namachibi.
Iimpawu zobugcisa
Xa kukhethwa iimodyuli, iimodyuli zeglasi ezimbini zisebenza kakhulu kwizicelo ze-PV ezidadayo, njengoko zijongana nemiba yokuvunyelwa komoya womphunga wamanzi kwaye zinokuphucula ukuveliswa kombane nge-5-10% xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezifakwe emhlabeni. Ngokuphathelele uyilo lwenkqubo, imizimba yamanzi enobunzulu obungaphantsi kweemitha ezi-3 idla ngokusebenzisa iziseko ezizinzileyo, ngelixa amanzi anzulu (ngaphezulu kweemitha ezi-3) exhomekeke kwizakhiwo ezidadayo, ezifana namaqonga asekelwe kwi-pontoon okanye asekelwe kwibhokisi. Ekubeni ukufakelwa kwe-PV ezidadayo kudla ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula kunezo zisekelwe emhlabeni, abaphuhlisi baya behlola ngakumbi eli candelo, bedala imakethi eyahlukileyo yabavelisi beemodyuli. Le ndlela yayibonakala kwi-SNEC, apho iinkampani ezininzi zibonise iimodyuli ze-PV ezenzelwe ngokukodwa izicelo ezisekelwe emanzini, zibonisa amandla okukhula abalulekileyo elanga elidadayo.
Njengoko i-PV edadayo ifumana amandla, kulindeleke ukuba iTshayina iqalise iiprojekthi ze-PV ezikude nolwandle ezifikelela kwi-2-3 GW kulo nyaka, ingakumbi kumaphondo angaselunxwemeni afana neShandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, kunye neFujian. Uninzi lwezi projekthi lucwangciselwe ukwakhiwa phakathi kokuphela kowama-2024 nasekuqaleni kowama-2025, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kuzo kuqala kwikota yesi-4 yowama-2024. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iSungrow Floating PV, ephethe isabelo esikhulu semarike, iseyinkampani yodwa ekwaziyo ukwakha iiprojekthi ze-PV ezidadayo emanzini angaphezu kweemitha ezili-100 ubunzulu.
Ngaphandle kokufakelwa okukhulu olwandle, iiprojekthi ze-PV ezisekelwe emanzini angaphakathi eTshayina nazo zinika amathuba abalulekileyo. Ezi projekthi zingahlulwahlulwa njengeenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwindawo enye okanye ezisasazwayo. Iiprojekthi ze-PV ezisetyenziswa kwindawo enye, ezihlala zakhiwe kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezivela kwimigodi yamalahle, zihlala ziqala kwi-50 ukuya kwi-200 MW. Okwangoku, iiprojekthi ze-PV ezisetyenziswa echibini ezisasazwayo ngokubanzi ziqala kwi-5 ukuya kwi-30 MW. Xa zizonke, iiprojekthi ze-PV zamanzi angaphakathi eTshayina zibonisa amandla amakhulu, kwaye i-Infolink ilindele ukuba ukufakwa kwe-PV edadayo eTshayina kudlule i-5 GW kulo nyaka, kunye nokufakelwa okuqokelelweyo kwihlabathi liphela kufikelela kwi-7-8 GW.
Imingeni kunye neZisombululo
Nangona ikhula ngendlela ethembisayo, i-PV edadayo ijongene nemingeni emininzi, kuquka iimfuno zokwakha nokugcinwa kwayo ezinzima. Ukongeza, iinkxalabo malunga nomgangatho wamanzi kunye neemeko zendalo zasemanzini zifuna ukuqinisekiswa ngakumbi ngezifundo zamatyala. Ukuphendula oku, iinkampani zizisa izisombululo zokujongana nale micimbi. Umzekelo, i-Sungrow Floating PV isebenzise izixhobo zomgangatho wokutya kwiprojekthi yayo yokugcina amanzi engama-60 MW eSingapore ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomgangatho wamanzi. Njengoko iinkampani ezininzi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, ukwamkelwa koluntu kwe-PV edadayo kuyakhula kancinci kancinci, kuvula indlela yophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
I-PV yasentlango: Usetyenziso kunye neempawu
I-PV yasentlango isebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuninzi kunye neendawo ezinkulu nezivulekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla okonga imali. I-China yinkokeli yehlabathi kwiiprojekthi zelanga zasentlango, kunye neeprojekthi ezinkulu kwiindawo ezomileyo ezifana ne-Xinjiang kunye ne-Inner Mongolia. Iphulo elithi "Shagehuang", isiseko sokuqala saseTshayina se-10 GW-level hybrid solar kunye ne-wind power base, libonisa olu hlobo. Isigaba sokuqala (1 GW) sele siqhagamshelwe kwigridi, ngelixa isigaba sesibini nesesithathu sisakhiwa.
Ngenxa yemithetho engqongqo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwiifama ezinkulu ezisebenzisa amandla elanga, abaphuhlisi baya beguqukela kwiindawo zasentlango, apho kulula khona ukufumana umhlaba. Ngaphezu koko, iiprojekthi ze-PV zasentlango zinegalelo ekubuyiselweni kwendalo ngokuncedisa kwimizamo yokulima amahlathi, okwenza "ukutyalwa kwezityalo entlango okunamandla elanga" kube licebo elitsha.
Imingeni yoBugcisa kunye noLungiso
Iindawo zasentlango zibeka imingeni enzima kwiimodyuli ze-PV, kubandakanya amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, utshintsho olukhulu lobushushu bemihla ngemihla, imitha ye-ultraviolet enamandla, kunye nezivuthuvuthu zesanti. Ukujongana nale micimbi, abavelisi baphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe obufana neglasi etyebileyo yokumelana nesanti, ukugquma uthuli, kunye nokuphucula ukunyamezela kobushushu.
Kwimimandla ethile, kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nemigaqo ethile. Umzekelo, e-Inner Mongolia, iiprojekthi zelanga kufuneka zidibanise ukugcinwa kwamandla ukuze kuzinze igridi kwaye zifune imodyuli ye-PV yendawo kunye nemveliso yebhetri. Ngaphezu koko, imida yokudlulisela umbane kumantla-ntshona eTshayina ithintela ukuthunyelwa kombane kwamanye amaphondo, nto leyo enciphisa umdla kwiiprojekthi ze-PV zasentlango. Ngenxa yoko, imfuno yophuhliso lwe-PV yasentlango isasele incinci ngo-2024.
Amathemba Exesha Elizayo
Zombini iteknoloji ze-PV ezidadayo kunye nezentlango zimela iindlela ezithembisayo zekamva lamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuze kwandiswe iingenelo zoqoqosho, ezinye iiprojekthi ze-PV ezidadayo ziquka ukulima iintlanzi kunye nokhenketho lwendalo, zenze imodeli edibeneyo "yokuloba ngelanga". Okwangoku, iiprojekthi ze-PV zasentlango zihlola iindlela ezininzi zokusebenza, zidibanisa amandla elanga kunye nezolimo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo ukuze kuphuhliswe iipaki zasentlango ezizinzileyo.
Nangona ezi zicelo okwangoku ziseziimarike ezizimeleyo kwihlabathi liphela, ukuqhubeka kophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo kunokukhuthaza ukwanda kwazo. Ngenxa yokwanda kwenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kunye nemfuno yamandla, zombini i-PV edadayo neyintlango zinamandla okufikelela kulungelelwano phakathi kokuphila kakuhle koqoqosho kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo, okudala imeko yokuphumelela kotshintsho lwamandla.
