Kwagura vuba ubushobozi bw'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa ku rwego rw'isi birimo gutanga isoko rikomeye ryo kubika ingufu. Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, na bateri za lithium ni zo nganda eshatu zirimo gutera imbere zigurisha ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Izi "nganda eshatu nshya" mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga zatanze amahirwe menshi yo gukura ku nganda zikoresha imirasire y'izuba n'izikoresha ingufu. Ubu bubiko bw'ingufu burimo kugaragaza inzira igaragara yo gukura, kandi biteganijwe ko mu 2024, hazaba hari nibura ibintu bine by'ingenzi bizahindura cyane isoko ry'ingufu ku isi.
1. Kwihutisha iterambere ry'isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu binoza inyungu z'abacuruzi bo mu bubiko bw'ingufu ndetse n'ubukungu bw'imishinga.
Muri Nzeri 2023, Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu na Komisiyo y’Igihugu ishinzwe Iterambere n’Ivugurura ry’Ubushinwa basohoye amabwiriza ya mbere y’ubucuruzi bw’isoko ry’amashanyarazi mu gihugu. Iri tegeko rikomeza ivugurura ry’isoko ry’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa. Inyandiko itanga ubuyobozi busobanutse bw’uburyo ingufu nshya zishobora kwitabira isoko ry’amashanyarazi mu buryo buhamye kandi buhamye kugira ngo hatezwe imbere uburyo bw’isoko bujyanye n’imiterere yabwo. Kugira ngo politiki ikomeze kugumana ituze kandi ikomeze, ubu buryo bugomba guhuzwa na politiki nshya yo kurinda ingufu. Uretse gukurura ubucuruzi bushya nk’ibikoresho bikusanya imizigo, kubika ingufu, n’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi, ubucuruzi bw’amashanyarazi butera imbaraga isoko.
Mu Ukwakira 2023, Ikigo gishinzwe ingufu na NDRC byongeye gusohora igitabo kivuga ku iyubakwa ry’isoko ry’amashanyarazi. Muri iri tangazo, ibisabwa mu iyubakwa ry’isoko ry’amashanyarazi byarasobanuwe. Guverinoma yakomeje gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’isoko ry’amashanyarazi kuva muri Nzeri 2023, igaragaza ko yitanze mu guteza imbere kwagura isoko. Intara nyinshi n’uturere byitezwe gushyira mu bikorwa igikorwa cyo kugerageza gukemura ibibazo mu gihe kirekire bitarenze 2024. Ikigaragara ni uko intara n’uturere biri mu iterambere ryihuse biteganijwe ko bizahindura ibikorwa byabyo mu buryo butaziguye.
Shandong na Guangdong ni zo zabanjirije isoko rya serivisi z’inyongera n’ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu bijyanye no kubika ingufu mu buryo bwigenga. Biteganijwe ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imishinga y’ubwikorezi bw’ingufu mu gihugu rizagerwaho neza bitarenze umwaka wa 2024, kuko utu turere duha uburambe muri uru rwego. Ibi bizongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’iterambere ry’isoko ry’ingufu mu Bushinwa mu gihe bizongera ubukungu bw’imishinga yo kubika ingufu. Imbaraga z’isoko na politiki birimo kwihutisha iterambere ry’isoko ry’ingufu mu gihugu, rigamije kwagura inganda zo kubika ingufu.
2. Inyungu ku kiguzi ifungura amarembo yo guhatana, ishimangira ubushobozi bw'uruhererekane rw'inganda. Ibigo bishobora kunguka binyuze mu kongera ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho no kubikorera ku rwego rw'ibiciro biriho ubu.
Kugurisha no kohereza ibicuruzwa by’ibigo bibika ingufu byagize iterambere rikomeye hamwe n’izamuka ry’amasoko yo kubika ingufu mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Ubushobozi bwo kwikorera no guteza imbere ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru burakenewe kugira ngo abacuruzi babone inyungu ku giciro kiri ku isoko. Kugira ngo bagabanye amafaranga akoreshwa kandi bongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibicuruzwa, hakenewe kwiga byimbitse ku gice cyose—kuva ku gice cy’amashanyarazi kugeza kuri PCS kugeza ku guhuza sisitemu—no kumenya ikoranabuhanga rya electrochemical, amashanyarazi, n’ikoranabuhanga rya digitale. Ingaruka z’urwego rw’ibanze zigabanya ikiguzi cyazo haba mu buryo butaziguye n’ubutari ibikoresho. Byongeye kandi, inyungu mbumbe y’ikigo ni nini cyane kuruta igiteranyo cy’ishoramari ryose ry’ikigo kimwe gihuza sisitemu bitewe n’ubushobozi bwacyo bwinshi bwo gukora sisitemu yacyo ya DC.
Ibikoresho bikenewe muri porogaramu yo kubika no kubungabunga uruganda rw'amashanyarazi, isuzuma kandi igakurikirana imiterere y'uruganda rw'amashanyarazi, akenshi biboneka mu bikoresho byinshi bigezweho. Itandukaniro rigaragara binyuze mu kugenzura urwego rw'ivugurura, birimo gusuzuma imikorere y'inkingi imwe no kumenya vuba imiterere y'ubushyuhe. Ingamba zo kongera inyungu zirimo kugenzura imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora, ziteganya ibiciro by'amashanyarazi bishobora kuba icyiciro gikurikira cy'irushanwa. Icyo gihe, itandukaniro ry'ibicuruzwa rizagaragara cyane, kandi ubushobozi bwo gucunga uruhererekane rwose rw'inganda binyuze mu bushobozi bwose bushobora kongera ukwizerwa kw'ibicuruzwa. Kubwibyo, ibigo bibika ingufu bigomba kongera ubuhanga bwabyo mu bya tekiniki no guhanga udushya kugira ngo bikomeze guhangana ku isoko rikomeye.
3. Kubika ingufu mu mahanga bibyara inyungu kandi bifite ubushobozi bwinshi ku isoko; ibigo byo kubika ingufu mu gihugu bizakomeza kwaguka ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Uburyo bwinshi bw’amafaranga yinjira bushingiye ku isoko, harimo ubucuruzi bw’ingufu z’amashanyarazi, kugenzura inshuro, guhagarara, n’ibindi, byongera itandukaniro ry’ibiciro n’inyungu zirenze urugero ku mishinga yo kubika ingufu mu mahanga mu bihe runaka, bityo bikongera inyungu mu bukungu. Mu gihe imishinga yo kubika ingufu mu gihugu ikomeje guteza imbere serivisi z’ubufasha no gucuruza ahantu hatandukanye, igice kinini cy’amafaranga yinjira binyuze mu buryo bwo gutinda ku isoko nko gukodesha ubushobozi. Kubwibyo, inyungu ziva mu mahanga ni nyinshi cyane ugereranyije n’izo mu gihugu.
Kubera iterambere ry’inganda z’amashanyarazi ku isi, amasoko yo kubika ingufu mu mahanga ari gutera imbere. Bitewe n’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, ibidukikije, n’isoko, inganda zo kubika ingufu mu mahanga zishingiye ku masoko yo hanze ku bikoresho fatizo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ibice n’ibice byo hasi, ibikoresho bya anode na cathode, bateri, n’ibice byo hasi. Ibigo byo kubika ingufu mu gihugu biri mu mahanga mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ibi bibazo no gufata amahirwe yo gutera imbere.
Kugira ngo inganda zaguke, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'izindi guverinoma barimo guteza imbere ububiko bw'ingufu nk'urwego rw'ingenzi mu nganda. Mu rwego rwo kunoza uruhererekane rw'inganda binyuze mu kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi n'iterambere, no gukora ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo kubika ingufu n'ikoreshwa ryuzuye mu iterambere ry'ejo hazaza, Amerika ya Ruguru n'Uburayi barimo gushyiraho uruhererekane rwigenga rwo kubika ingufu.
Amasosiyete menshi akomeye yo kubika ingufu mu gihugu yemera akamaro k'inyanja, yihutisha iterambere ry'isi binyuze mu kwagura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, kubaka inganda mu mahanga, no "gushyira imbere" ubushobozi bwo gukora inganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku isi. Ingingo z'isoko ry'ingufu zo mu mahanga nko mu ishoramari, abakozi, ubusumbane mu muco, uruhererekane rw'ubwubatsi n'urusobe rw'ibicuruzwa, inkunga y'inganda, n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bisaba ko amasosiyete yo kubika ingufu mu gihugu yitabira impinduka mu isoko n'ibyifuzo by'abakiriya mu buryo bwitondewe kugira ngo agere ku iterambere rirambye.
4. Iterambere ryihuse ry’uburyo bwo guhuza ububiko buto
Uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha urumuri n'ububiko bukwirakwira ni ingaruka z'ibura ry'ingufu zisubira ku isi hose. Ubwiyongere bw'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi na sisitemu za photovoltaic zikwirakwira bitanga amahirwe akomeye yo guhuza sisitemu zo gushyushya no kubika urumuri. Mu kongera ubushobozi bw'ingufu no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku masoko asanzwe y'ingufu, iki gitekerezo cy'iterambere ryimbitse kirinda ibidukikije.
Icya kabiri, uturere n'intara zifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwa PV zikwirakwizwa zifuza kubika PV hakoreshejwe grid. Mu guhindura ibiciro byo gusangira igihe, guteza imbere amasoko y'amashanyarazi y'inyongera, no gukoresha inganda z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, byongerera amahirwe yo kubika no gushora imari, utu turere turimo gusubiza icyifuzo cy'igihugu cyo guteza imbere ingufu zisubiramo. Kubera ko utu duce tugaragaza ko bishoboka, uburyo bw'inyungu bujyanye no guhuza charger n'ububiko bw'amatara buzakwirakwira.
Ikindi kandi, guhuza ububiko bw'amatara bwa Buraya ni iterambere riha inganda z'ububiko bw'amatara ku isi yose ubumenyi n'ihumure. Iterambere ry'ibigo by'amashanyarazi byo kubika amatara kuva kuri passive kugeza kuri active rizahindura ahazaza h'uru rwego. Kugira ngo habeho iterambere ryisumbuyeho, ibigo bikomeye mu kubika ingufu birimo guteza imbere ishyirwaho ry'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rushya.
Tugomba kwihutisha iterambere rya "imfunguzo enye" - photovoltaic, ububiko bw'ingufu, hydrogen, ingufu, n'izindi sisitemu z'ingufu - kugira ngo tugere ku hazaza hatazavamo imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Iyo mihati ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kugera ku ngufu no kubungabunga ibidukikije no kubaka ahazaza heza.
