Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwamandla avuselelekayo asetyenzisiweyo kwihlabathi liphela kuvelisa imakethi enkulu yokugcina amandla. Iiseli zelanga, izithuthi zombane, kunye neebhetri ze-lithium zezona mboni zintathu ziphuhlisayo eziqhubela phambili ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kumazwe ngamazwe. Ezi "zintathu zintsha" kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe zivelise amandla okukhula angazange abonwe ngaphambili kumashishini okugcina amandla elanga kunye nawokugcina amandla. Ukugcinwa kwamandla okwangoku kubonisa indlela yokukhula ebonakalayo, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ngo-2024, kuya kubonisa ubuncinci iindlela ezine eziphawulekayo eziya kutshintsha kakhulu imakethi yamandla yehlabathi.
1. Ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwemarike yeendawo zasekhaya kuphucula inzuzo yabathengisi bokugcina umbane kunye noqoqosho lweeprojekthi.
NgoSeptemba 2023, i-National Energy Administration kunye ne-National Development and Reform Commission yaseTshayina bakhuphe izikhokelo zokuqala zorhwebo lwemarike yeendawo zombane zesizwe. Lo mthetho uqhubela phambili uhlengahlengiso lwemarike yombane yaseTshayina. Isicatshulwa sinika isikhokelo esicacileyo malunga nendlela amandla amatsha anokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kwimarike yombane ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nezinzileyo ukuze kuphuhliswe indlela yemarike elungiselelwe iimpawu zazo. Ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo kunye nokuqhubeka komgaqo-nkqubo, le ndlela kufuneka idityaniswe nomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wokhuseleko lwamandla. Ukongeza ekutsaleni amashishini amatsha afana nabaqokeleli bemithwalo, ukugcinwa kwamandla, kunye nezityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo, urhwebo lwamandla luvuselela imarike.
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2023, i-Energy Bureau kunye ne-NDRC baphinde bakhupha iSetyhula malunga noKwakhiwa kweMarike yeZikhundla zoMbane ngokuQhubeleka. Kule ngxelo, iimfuno zokwakha imakethi yeendawo zombane zacaciswa. Urhulumente ebesoloko enyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yemakethi yeendawo zombane ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2023, ebonisa ukuzinikela kwakhe ekukhuthazeni ukwanda kwemakethi. Uninzi lwamaphondo kunye nemimandla kulindeleke ukuba iqalise umsebenzi wovavanyo lwexesha elide ngo-2024. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, amaphondo kunye nemimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza kulindeleke ukuba itshintshele ngqo kwi-operation esemthethweni.
IShandong kunye neGuangdong ziphambili kwiimarike zeenkonzo ezincedisayo kunye namandla ombane angabonakaliyo ngokubhekiselele kugcino lwamandla oluzimeleyo. Kulindeleke ukuba ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi zokugcina amandla angaphakathi ezinenzuzo kuya kufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ngo-2024, njengoko ezi ndawo ziqokelela amava kweli candelo. Oku kuya kwandisa ukhuphiswano kunye nokuvuthwa kwemarike yamandla yaseTshayina ngelixa kuphucula uqoqosho lweeprojekthi zokugcina amandla. Amandla emarike kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo zikhawulezisa uphuhliso lwemarike yasekhaya yamandla angabonakaliyo, ekhuthaza ukwanda kweshishini lokugcina amandla.
2. Inzuzo yeendleko ivula ucango lokhuphiswano, igxininisa ubuchule bomxokelelwane weshishini. Iinkampani zinokwenza inzuzo ngokwandisa uphando lwezixhobo ngokwazo kunye nokuvelisa kwinqanaba lamaxabiso langoku.
Iintengiso kunye nokuthunyelwa kweenkampani zokugcina amandla ziye zakhula kakhulu kunye nokwandiswa kweemarike zokugcina amandla zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Kufuneka amandla okuzenzela kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo eziphezulu ukuze abathengisi bafumane inzuzo kwinqanaba lamaxabiso angoku. Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano lwemveliso, kufuneka uphononongo olupheleleyo lwe-stack yonke—ukusuka kwi-electric core ukuya kwi-PCS ukuya ekudityanisweni kwenkqubo—nolwazi lwe-electrochemical, i-power electronics, kunye ne-digitalization technologies. Isiphumo sesikali se-core segment sinciphisa iindleko ezithe ngqo nezingezizo eziphathekayo. Ngaphezu koko, umda opheleleyo weshishini mkhulu kakhulu kunesixa sazo zonke izibonelelo zangaphandle zeshishini elinye lokudibanisa inkqubo ngenxa yamandla alo amakhulu emveliso kunye nokukwazi ukwenza inkqubo yalo esecaleni ye-DC.
Izixhobo ezifunekayo kwisoftware yokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zokugcina amandla, ezichonga kwaye zijonga imeko yezixhobo zamandla, zihlala zifumaneka kuninzi lwezixhobo zanamhlanje. Umahluko ubonakala ngokujonga izinga lokuphuculwa, okubandakanya ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesiseko esinye kunye nokuchonga ngokukhawuleza iimpawu zokufudumala. Amaqhinga okwandisa inzuzo aquka ulawulo lokusebenza oluzenzekelayo oluqikelela amaxabiso ombane anokuba sisigaba esilandelayo sokhuphiswano. Emva koko, umahluko wemveliso uya kubonakala ngakumbi, kwaye amandla okulawula lonke uthotho lokuvelisa ngokusebenzisa amandla apheleleyo anokunyusa ukuthembeka kwemveliso. Ke ngoko, iinkampani zokugcina amandla kufuneka zonyuse ubuchule bazo bobuchwephesha kwaye zenze izinto ezintsha ukuze zihlale zikhuphisana kwimarike eqatha.
3. Ukugcinwa kwamandla olwandle kunenzuzo kwaye kunamandla amakhulu emarike; iifemu zokugcina amandla zasekhaya ziya kuqhubeka nokukhula kwihlabathi liphela.
Iimodeli ezininzi zengeniso ezijolise kwimarike, kuquka urhwebo lwamandla ombane, ukulawulwa kwamaza, ukulinda, kunye nezinye, zonyusa umahluko wamaxabiso kunye nembuyekezo engaphezulu kwiiprojekthi zokugcina amandla angaphandle kwelizwe phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho. Ngelixa iiprojekthi zokugcina amandla asekhaya ziqhubeka nokuphucula iinkonzo ezincedisayo kunye norhwebo olukhawulezileyo, inxalenye enkulu yengeniso yazo iveliswa ngeendlela zokulibaziseka zokuthengisa ezifana nokuqeshisa amandla. Ke ngoko, imida yangaphandle enokulungiswa inkulu kakhulu kuneyasekhaya.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwehlabathi kushishino lombane, iimarike zokugcina amandla kwamanye amazwe ziyachuma. Ngenxa yochungechunge lokubonelela, okusingqongileyo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwemarike, ishishini lokugcina amandla kwamanye amazwe lixhomekeke kwiimarike zangaphandle zezinto eziluhlaza eziphezulu, iinxalenye kunye neenxalenye ezisezantsi, izinto ze-anode kunye ne-cathode, iibhetri, kunye neenxalenye kunye neenxalenye ezisezantsi. Iifemu zokugcina amandla zasekhaya zisebenza kwamanye amazwe ukuzama ukoyisa le mingeni kunye nokusebenzisa amathuba ophuhliso.
Ukuze kwandiswe eli shishini, i-United States kunye nabanye oorhulumente bakhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamandla njengecandelo elibalulekileyo lemveliso. Kwimizamo yokuphucula uthotho lweshishini ngokwandisa utyalo-mali lobuchwepheshe, uphando kunye nophuhliso, kunye nokuveliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha bokugcina amandla kunye nezicelo ezipheleleyo zophuhliso lwasekhaya oluzayo, iMntla Melika kunye neYurophu ziseka uthotho oluzimeleyo lokubonelela ngogcino lwamandla.
Iinkampani ezininzi ezidumileyo zokugcina amandla zasekhaya ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kolwandle, olukhawulezisa ukudibana kwehlabathi ngokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukwakhiwa kweefektri phesheya, kunye "nokuqalisa" amandla okuvelisa akumgangatho ophezulu kwihlabathi liphela. Iinkalo zemarike yokugcina amandla angaphandle ezifana nemeko yotyalo-mali, izibonelelo zabantu, ukungafani kwenkcubeko, umjikelo wokwakha kunye nenethiwekhi yokuthengisa, inkxaso yecandelo leshishini, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kufuneka ukuba iifemu zokugcina amandla zasekhaya ziphendule kutshintsho lwemarike kunye nemfuno yabathengi ngononophelo olukhulu ukuze kufezekiswe uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
4. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lokudibanisa indawo yokugcina izinto ezincinci
Usetyenziso oluvelayo lokukhanyisa nokugcina izinto ezisasazwayo lubangelwa yimfuno yehlabathi jikelele yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ukwanda kwezithuthi zombane kunye neenkqubo ze-photovoltaic ezisasazwayo kunika amathuba amakhulu okudibanisa iinkqubo zokutshaja kunye nokugcina izinto ezikhanyayo. Ngokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yamandla eqhelekileyo, le ngcamango yophuhliso oludibeneyo ikhusela okusingqongileyo.
Okwesibini, iindawo kunye namaphondo anenani elikhulu le-PV esasazwe ngokubanzi anqwenela indawo yokugcina i-PV eqhagamshelwe kwigridi. Ngokutshintsha iirhafu zokwabelana ngexesha, ukuphuhlisa iimarike zeenkonzo zokuncedisa umbane, kunye nokusebenzisa izityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo, ezonyusa indawo yokugcina i-photovoltaic kunye namathuba enzuzo yokutshaja, ezi ndawo zisabela kwisicelo sesizwe sophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo. Njengoko ezi ndawo zibonisa ukuba zinokwenzeka, imodeli yenzuzo enxulumene nokuhlanganiswa kwendawo yokugcina i-charge kunye nokukhanya iya kwanda.
Kwakhona, ukuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji se-optical saseYurophu luphuhliso olubonelela ngeshishini le-optical storage lehlabathi ngengqiqo kunye nenkuthazo. Uphuhliso lwezikhululo zamandla zokugcina i-optical ukusuka kwi-passive ukuya kwi-active luya kuyila ikamva lentsimi. Ukuze kufunyanwe uphuhliso oluphezulu, iinkampani eziphambili zokugcina amandla zikhuthaza ukusekwa kwenkqubo yendalo entsha.
Simele sikhawulezise uphuhliso "lwezitshixo ezine"—i-photovoltaic, ukugcinwa kwamandla, i-hydrogen, amandla, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zamandla—ukuze sifikelele kwikamva elingenakukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Imizamo enjalo yeyona ndlela yokufezekisa amandla kunye nozinzo lokusingqongileyo kunye nokwakha ikamva eliqaqambileyo.
