Kwayoyin hasken rana na'urori ne marasa amfani da na'urori masu amfani da semiconductors don canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki kai tsaye ta hanyar tasirin photovoltaic. A hankali, mutane na iya tunanin cewa ƙwayoyin hasken rana suna bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai ƙarfi, amma shin hakan gaskiya ne?
Ɗan Adam ya daɗe yana amfani da makamashin rana, tare da manyan hanyoyi guda uku don canza shi: canjin hasken rana, canjin hasken rana, da kuma canza hasken rana. Samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana (PV), wadda ke mayar da hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki, tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi inganci wajen amfani da makamashin rana.
An fara lura da tasirin hasken rana a shekarar 1839 ta masanin kimiyyar Faransa Edmond Becquerel, kuma yana nufin samar da ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da haske ya bugi wani abu mai suna semiconductor. Daga baya, Einstein ya bayyana wannan tasirin ta amfani da ka'idar haske ta kwantum, wadda ta ba shi kyautar Nobel ta fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1921.
Ba kamar tasirin photoelectric ba, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da haske ya bugi jagora ɗaya, tasirin photovoltaic yana faruwa ne a kan iyaka tsakanin faranti biyu na semiconductor. Idan aka haɗa su da waya, wannan iyaka tana ƙirƙirar filin lantarki, wanda ke ba da damar kwararar wutar lantarki.
To, ta yaya ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke mayar da hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki? Hasken rana wani nau'in hasken lantarki ne mai faɗi. Idan ya bugi ƙwayar hasken rana, hasken zai iya haskakawa, ya sha, ko ya ratsa ta. Hasken da aka sha ne kawai ake mayar da shi makamashin lantarki.
Ga na'urorin semiconductor da ke amfani da silicon, ana buƙatar kuzarin volt na lantarki 1.11 (eV) don fitar da electron daga atom ɗinsa. Photons ne kawai waɗanda ke da kuzari fiye da wannan iyaka za su iya samar da wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, yawan kuzari daga photons masu ƙarfi yana ɓacewa a matsayin zafi, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga dumama panel ɗin hasken rana, wanda zai iya ɗaga zafinsa sama da iskar da ke kewaye.
Sabanin yadda aka saba gani, ƙwayoyin hasken rana da aka yi da silicon a zahiri sun fi son yanayi mai sanyi, duk da cewa har yanzu suna buƙatar hasken rana. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, na'urorin hasken rana suna samar da ƙarancin makamashi, duk da samun irin wannan adadin hasken rana.
Babban yanayin zafi galibi yana rage ƙarfin lantarki na buɗewa (ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da babu wutar lantarki da ke gudana), kodayake wutar lantarki ta gajeren zango (ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da ƙwayar ta yi gajeren zango) tana da ƙarfi sosai. Wannan yana nufin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana haifar da ƙarancin inganci da raguwar ƙarfin fitarwa.
Yawanci ana gwada ƙwayoyin hasken rana a yanayin zafin da aka saba da shi na 25°C (77°F). Idan zafin allon ya kai 60°C (140°F) ko sama da haka, ƙarfinsa yana raguwa sosai. Ga kowace digiri da aka samu ƙaruwar zafin jiki, ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan gajeren zango yana ƙaruwa da 0.04% kawai, yayin da ƙarfin lantarki na buɗewa yana raguwa da 0.4%.
Duk da cewa inganci yana raguwa a lokacin rani, yawan hasken rana a wannan lokacin har yanzu yana haifar da samar da makamashi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran yanayi.
Yadda Ake Sanyaya Fannukan Hasken Rana
Kamar sauran na'urorin lantarki, na'urorin hasken rana suna aiki mafi kyau a yanayin sanyi. Tunda suna dogara ne akan hasken rana maimakon zafi don samun wutar lantarki, suna aiki mafi kyau a cikin yanayi mai haske amma mai sanyi.
Don sanyaya allunan hasken rana a lokacin bazara, ya kamata mu sanya inuwa? Ba shakka a'a! Toshe hasken rana zai karya manufar allunan hasken rana. Yaya batun shafa man kariya daga rana? A'a, sanya shinge na zahiri zai rage shan haske, kuma hanyoyin sinadarai ba za su taimaka wajen rage zafin jiki ba.
Ga na'urorin hasken rana na rufin gida, samun iska ta halitta hanya ce mai inganci da araha don sanyaya su. Shigar da na'urorin da ke da rata tsakanin su da rufin yana ba da damar iska ta zagaya ta kuma sanyaya na'urorin. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye ganye da tarkace daga cikin rata don kiyaye iskar da ke shiga da kuma hana zafi sosai.
Masu bincike sun kuma yi nazarin hanyoyi daban-daban na sanyaya don inganta ingancin panel ɗin hasken rana. Baya ga iska ta halitta, an binciki sanyaya iska da aka tilasta da kuma sanyaya ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (PVT), wanda hakan ya ba da haske mai mahimmanci game da rage yanayin zafi da kuma ƙara yawan makamashi.
Kamar yadda ƙwayoyin hasken rana, wato manzannin makamashi mai tsabta, ke ci gaba da haɗuwa a rayuwarmu, suna kawo sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalar ƙarancin carbon, waɗanda ba sa haifar da illa ga muhalli.
