He taputapu kore-mīhini ngā pūtau-rā e whakamahi ana i ngā haurua-ira hei huri tika i te rā ki te hiko mā te pānga photovoltaic. Tērā pea ka whakaaro te tangata ka ora ngā pūtau-rā i raro i te hihi kaha o te rā, engari he pono rānei tēnā?
Kua roa te tangata e whakamahi ana i te pūngao o te rā, me ngā huarahi matua e toru hei huri: te hurihanga photovoltaic, te hurihanga photothermal, me te hurihanga photochemical. Ko te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic (PV), e huri ana i te hihi o te rā ki te hiko, tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino whai hua o te pūngao o te rā.
I kitea tuatahitia te pānga photovoltaic i te tau 1839 e te kaipūtaiao Wīwī a Edmond Becquerel, ā, e pā ana ki te whakaputanga o te pūmanawa hiko ina pā te mārama ki tētahi semiconductor. Nō muri mai, ka whakamārama a Einstein i tēnei pānga mā te whakamahi i te ariā irahiko o te mārama, ā, i toa ai ia i te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1921.
He rerekē tēnei i te pānga hiko-whakaahua, e puta ana ina pā te mārama ki tētahi kaiārahi kotahi, engari ka puta te pānga hiko-whakaahua i te rohe i waenganui i ngā pereti hiko-whakawhiti e rua. Ina honoa mā te waea, ka hangaia he papa hiko e tēnei rohe, ka taea ai te rere o te iahiko.
Nā, me pēhea te huri a ngā pūtau rā i te hihi o te rā hei hiko? He whānuitanga o te hihi hikohiko te hihi o te rā. Ina pā ki tētahi pūtau rā, ka taea te whakaata, te mimiti, te whiti rānei i te hihi. Ko te hihi mimiti anake ka hurihia hei pūngao hiko.
Mō ngā haurua-ā-irahiko e hangai ana ki te silicon, e hiahiatia ana he pūngao o te 1.11 irahiko volts (eV) hei tuku i te irahiko kia mawhiti mai i tana ngota. Ko ngā photon anake he nui ake te pūngao i tēnei paepae ka taea te whakaputa hiko. Heoi, ka ngaro te pūngao nui atu i ngā photon pūngao teitei ake hei wera, ka whai wāhi ki te wera o te panera rā, ka taea te whakanui ake i tōna pāmahana ki runga ake i te hau taiao.
He rerekē ki te whakapono rongonui, he pai ake ki ngā pūtau rā e ahu mai ana i te silicon ngā taiao matao, ahakoa e hiahia tonu ana rātou ki te hihi o te rā. I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana, ka iti ake te kaha e whakaputaina ana e ngā panera rā, ahakoa te nui o te hihi o te rā e whiwhi ana.
Ko te nuinga o ngā pāmahana teitei ka whakaiti i te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera (te ngaohiko ina kore he iahiko e rere ana), ahakoa he pumau tonu te iahiko ara iahiko poto (te iahiko ina he ara iahiko poto te pūtau). Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka iti ake te whai huatanga me te kaha whakaputa ka iti ake.
Ko te tikanga, ka whakamatautauria ngā pūtau hiko pūngao i te pāmahana paerewa o te 25°C (77°F). Ina eke te pāmahana o te panera ki te 60°C (140°F) neke atu rānei, ka tino heke te mana whakaputa. Mō ia nekehanga pikinga o te pāmahana, ka piki ake te iahiko ara-poto mā te 0.04% anake, ko te ngaohiko ara-tuwhera ka heke mā te 0.4%.
Ahakoa ka heke te whai huatanga i te raumati, nā te nui o te hihi o te rā i tēnei wā ka nui ake te whakaputanga pūngao whānui ki ērā atu wā.
Me pēhea te whakamatao i ngā panera rā
Pērā i ētahi atu taputapu hiko, he pai ake te mahi a ngā panera rā i ngā pāmahana makariri. Nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hihi o te rā, kaua ki te wera, ka pai ake te mahi i ngā āhuatanga kanapa engari makariri.
Hei whakamatao i ngā panera rā i te raumati, me whakatū he wāhi whakamarumaru? Kāore rawa! Mā te ārai i te hihi o te rā ka kore e whai hua te panera rā. Ā, me pēhea te pani i te pare rā? Kāore, mā te pani i ngā ārai ā-tinana ka whakaiti i te mimiti o te mārama, ā, kāore ngā tikanga matū e āwhina ki te whakaheke i te pāmahana.
Mō ngā panera rā o runga o te tuanui, he huarahi whai hua, he huarahi ōhanga hoki te hauhautanga taiao hei whakamatao i a rātou. Mā te tāuta i ngā panera me te āputa i waenganui i a rātou me te tuanui ka taea te rere o te hau me te whakamatao i ngā panera. Heoi, he mea nui kia kaua e uru ngā rau me ngā paru ki roto i te āputa hei pupuri i te rere o te hau me te ārai i te wera nui.
Kua rangahauhia hoki e ngā kairangahau ngā tikanga whakamatao hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te papa rā. Haunga te hauhautanga taiao, kua tūhuratia te whakamatao hau ā-kaha me te whakamatao wera-whakaahua (PVT), e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki te whakaheke i ngā pāmahana o te papa me te whakanui ake i te putanga pūngao.
I te haere tonu o te whakauru mai o ngā pūtau rā, arā, ngā karere o te pūngao ma, ki roto i ō tātou oranga, ka kawea mai e rātou he ngaru hou o ngā otinga iti-waro, pai mō te taiao.
