Iiseli zelanga zizixhobo ezingezizo ezoomatshini ezisebenzisa ii-semiconductors ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane ngesiphumo se-photovoltaic. Ngokwengqiqo, abantu banokucinga ukuba iiseli zelanga ziyachuma phantsi kwelanga elinamandla, kodwa ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene?
Uluntu lusebenzise amandla elanga ixesha elide, ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili zokuwaguqula: ukuguqulwa kwe-photovoltaic, ukuguqulwa kwe-photothermal, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-photochemical. Ukuveliswa kwamandla e-Photovoltaic (PV), okuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane, yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokusebenzisa amandla elanga.
Isiphumo se-photovoltaic sabonwa okokuqala ngo-1839 ngusosayensi waseFransi u-Edmond Becquerel, kwaye sibhekisa ekuvelisweni kwamandla ombane xa ukukhanya kubetha i-semiconductor. Kamva, u-Einstein wachaza esi siphumo esebenzisa ithiyori ye-quantum yokukhanya, eyamfumana iMbasa yeNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-1921.
Ngokungafaniyo nesiphumo se-photoelectric, esenzeka xa ukukhanya kubetha umqhubi omnye, isiphumo se-photovoltaic senzeka kumda ophakathi kweepleyiti ezimbini ze-semiconductor. Xa iqhagamshelwe ngocingo, lo mda udala intsimi yombane, evumela ukuba umbane ugeleze.
Ngoko ke, iiseli zelanga ziguqula njani ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane? Ukukhanya kwelanga luluhlu olubanzi lwemitha ye-electromagnetic. Xa kubetha iseli yelanga, imitha inokubonakaliswa, ifunxwe, okanye idlule. Yimitha efunxwe kuphela eguqulwa ibe ngamandla ombane.
Kwi-semiconductors ezisekelwe kwi-silicon, kufuneka amandla e-1.11 electron volts (eV) ukuze kukhutshwe i-electron kwi-atom yayo. Kuphela zii-photon ezinamandla angaphezu kwala manqanaba ezinokuvelisa umbane. Nangona kunjalo, amandla agqithisileyo avela kwii-photon ezinamandla aphezulu ayalahleka njengobushushu, nto leyo enegalelo ekufudumaleni kwephaneli yelanga, enokunyusa ubushushu bayo ngaphezu komoya ongqongileyo.
Ngokuchasene nenkolelo eqhelekileyo, iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwisilicon zikhetha iindawo ezipholileyo, nangona zisafuna ukukhanya kwelanga. Njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka, iiphaneli zelanga zivelisa amandla amancinci, nangona zifumana umlinganiselo ofanayo wokukhanya kwelanga.
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anciphisa kakhulu i-open-circuit voltage (i-voltage xa kungekho current igelezayo), nangona i-short-circuit current (i-current xa iseli ijikeleziswa kancinci) ihlala izinzile. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhokelela ekusebenzeni okuphantsi kunye nokuncipha kwamandla okukhupha.
Iiseli zelanga zihlala zivavanywa kubushushu obuqhelekileyo obuyi-25°C (77°F). Xa ubushushu bephaneli bufikelela kwi-60°C (140°F) nangaphezulu, amandla ayo aphuma ehla kakhulu. Xa kukho ukunyuka kobushushu kwinqanaba ngalinye, umbane we-short-circuit unyuka nge-0.04% kuphela, ngelixa i-voltage ye-open-circuit incipha nge-0.4%.
Nangona ukusebenza kakuhle kwehla ehlotyeni, ubuninzi bokukhanya kwelanga ngeli xesha lonyaka busabangela imveliso ephezulu yamandla xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinyanga zonyaka.
Indlela Yokupholisa Iiphaneli Zelanga
Njengezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki, iiphaneli zelanga zisebenza ngcono kumaqondo obushushu apholileyo. Ekubeni zixhomekeke elangeni kunobushushu ukuze zifumane amandla, zisebenza ngcono kwiimeko ezikhanyayo kodwa ezipholileyo.
Ukuze sipholise iiphaneli zelanga ehlotyeni, ngaba sifanele sibeke umthunzi? Kakade akunjalo! Ukuthintela ukukhanya kwelanga kuya kuyiphelisa injongo yephaneli yelanga. Kuthekani ngokufaka i-sunscreen? Hayi, ukusebenzisa imiqobo ebonakalayo kuya kunciphisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya, kwaye iindlela zeekhemikhali aziyi kunceda ekwehliseni ubushushu.
Kwiiphaneli zelanga eziphahleni, umoya wendalo yindlela esebenzayo nengabizi kakhulu yokuzipholisa. Ukufaka iiphaneli ezinesithuba esiphakathi kwazo nophahla kuvumela umoya ukuba ujikeleze kwaye upholise iiphaneli. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugcina amagqabi kunye nenkunkuma kude nesithuba ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba komoya kunye nokuthintela ubushushu obugqithisileyo.
Abaphandi bafunde neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokupholisa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweephaneli zelanga. Ukongeza ekungeneni komoya kwendalo, ukupholisa umoya okunyanzelekileyo kunye nokupholisa ngobushushu be-photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) kuye kwahlolwa, okubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokunciphisa amaqondo obushushu epaneli kunye nokunyusa amandla aphumayo.
Njengoko iiseli zelanga, abathunywa bamandla acocekileyo, beqhubeka nokudibana nobomi bethu, bazisa amaza amatsha ezisombululo ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni ephantsi nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
