Masero ezuva zvishandiso zvisiri zvemakanika zvinoshandisa masemiconductor kushandura chiedza chezuva kuita magetsi zvakananga kuburikidza ne photovoltaic effect. Vanhu vanogona kufunga kuti masero ezuva anokura zvakanaka pasi pezuva rakawanda, asi ndizvo zvazviri here?
Vanhu vagara vachishandisa simba rezuva, nenzira nhatu huru dzekurishandura: kushanduka kwemagetsi ezuva, kushanduka kwemagetsi ezuva, uye kushanduka kwemakemikari ezuva. Kugadzira simba rezuva rezuva (PV), iro rinoshandura chiedza chezuva kuita magetsi, ndeimwe yenzira dzinoshanda zvikuru dzekushandisa simba rezuva.
Mhedzisiro ye photovoltaic yakatanga kuonekwa muna 1839 nemusayendisiti wekuFrance Edmond Becquerel, uye inoreva kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi kana chiedza charova semiconductor. Gare gare, Einstein akatsanangura mhedzisiro iyi achishandisa dzidziso ye quantum yechiedza, iyo yakamuwanira mubairo weNobel Prize muFizikisi muna 1921.
Kusiyana nemhedzisiro yemagetsi, iyo inoitika kana chiedza charova kondakita imwe chete, mhedzisiro yemagetsi inoitika pamuganhu uri pakati pemaplate maviri e semiconductor. Kana yakabatana newaya, muganhu uyu unogadzira munda wemagetsi, zvichiita kuti magetsi afambe.
Saka, masero ezuva anoshandura sei chiedza chezuva kuita magetsi? Chiedza chezuva imwaranzi yemagetsi yakawanda. Kana chikarova sero rezuva, mwaranzi yacho inogona kuratidzwa, kunyudzwa, kana kupfuudzwa. Mwaranzi inonyudzwa chete ndiyo inoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi.
Kune ma semiconductors akavakirwa pa silicon, simba re 1.11 electron volts (eV) rinodiwa kuti electron ibude muatomu yayo. Ma photon chete ane simba rakakura kupfuura muganhu uyu ndiwo anogona kugadzira magetsi. Zvisinei, simba rakawandisa rinobva kuma photon ane simba rakawanda rinorasika sekupisa, zvichikonzera kupisa kwe solar panel, iyo inogona kukwidza tembiricha yayo pamusoro pemhepo iri mumhepo.
Kusiyana nezvinotendwa nevakawanda, masero ezuva akagadzirwa nesilicon anofarira nzvimbo dzinotonhorera, kunyangwe achiri kuda chiedza chezuva. Sezvo tembiricha ichikwira, mapaneru ezuva anogadzira simba shoma, kunyangwe achiwana huwandu hwakafanana hwechiedza chezuva.
Kupisa kwakanyanya kunonyanya kuderedza voltage ye open-circuit (voltage kana pasina current iri kuyerera), kunyange hazvo short-circuit current (current kana cell iri short-circuit) inoramba yakagadzikana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kupisa kwakanyanya kunotungamira mukushomeka kwekushanda uye kudzikira kwesimba remagetsi rinobuda.
Masero ezuva anowanzo ongororwa patembiricha yakajairwa ye25°C (77°F). Kana tembiricha yepaneru yasvika 60°C (140°F) kana kupfuura, simba rayo rinoderera zvakanyanya. Pakuwedzera kwetembiricha yega yega, current yepfupi inowedzera ne0.04% chete, nepo voltage ye open-circuit ichiderera ne0.4%.
Kunyangwe kushanda zvakanaka kuchidzikira muzhizha, kuwanda kwezuva mumwaka uno kuchiri kukonzera kugadzirwa kwesimba rakawanda kana tichienzanisa nemimwe mwaka.
Maitiro Ekutonhodza Mapaneru Ezuva
Kufanana nezvimwe zvishandiso zvemagetsi, ma solar panels anoshanda zviri nani kana tembiricha yatonhora. Sezvo achivimba nezuva kwete kupisa kuti awane simba, anoshanda zvakanaka kana mamiriro ekunze akajeka asi achitonhora.
Kuti titonhodze ma solar panels munguva yezhizha, tinofanira kuisa mumvuri here? Kwete! Kuvhara chiedza chezuva kwaizokanganisa basa re solar panel. Ko kushandisa sunscreen? Kwete, kushandisa zvidziviriro zvemuviri kwaizoderedza kupinza kwechiedza, uye nzira dzemakemikari hadzizobatsiri kudzikisa tembiricha.
Kune ma solar panels epadenga, kufefetera kwechisikigo inzira inoshanda uye isingadhuri yekuatonhodza. Kuisa ma panels ane mukaha uri pakati pawo nedenga kunoita kuti mhepo ifambe uye itonhodze ma panels. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuchengetedza mashizha nemarara panzvimbo yaanopinda kuti mhepo irambe ichiyerera uye kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya.
Vaongorori vakadzidzawo nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutonhodza kuti vawedzere kushanda zvakanaka kwe solar panel. Kuwedzera pakufefetera kwechisikigo, kutonhodza kwemhepo kunomanikidzwa uye kutonhodza kwe photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) zvakaongororwa, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha pakuderedza tembiricha dzepanel uye kuwedzera simba rinobuda.
Sezvo masero ezuva, nhume dzesimba rakachena, dzichiramba dzichibatanidzwa muhupenyu hwedu, dzinouya nemhinduro itsva dzisingashandise kabhoni yakawanda uye dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda.
