Amaseli elanga ayizinto ezingezona ezemishini ezisebenzisa ama-semiconductor ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi ngqo ngomphumela we-photovoltaic. Ngokwemvelo, abantu bangase bacabange ukuthi amaseli elanga ayachuma ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga okukhulu, kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela?
Isintu besilokhu sisebenzisa amandla elanga isikhathi eside, sinezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuwaguqula: ukuguqulwa kwe-photovoltaic, ukuguqulwa kwe-photothermal, kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-photochemical. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-Photovoltaic (PV), okuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi, kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokusebenzisa amandla elanga.
Umphumela we-photovoltaic wabonwa okokuqala ngo-1839 ngusosayensi waseFrance u-Edmond Becquerel, futhi ubhekisela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kagesi lapho ukukhanya kushaya i-semiconductor. Kamuva, u-Einstein wachaza lo mphumela esebenzisa i-quantum theory yokukhanya, eyamtholela uMklomelo weNobel kuFiziksi ngo-1921.
Ngokungafani nomphumela we-photoelectric, owenzeka lapho ukukhanya kushaya umqhubi oyedwa, umphumela we-photovoltaic wenzeka emngceleni ophakathi kwamapuleti amabili e-semiconductor. Uma uxhunywe ngentambo, lo mngcele udala insimu kagesi, okuvumela ukuthi ugesi ugeleze.
Ngakho-ke, amaseli elanga aguqula kanjani ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi? Ukukhanya kwelanga kuyi-spectrum ebanzi yemisebe kagesi. Uma ishaya iseli lelanga, imisebe ingabonakaliswa, imuncwe, noma idlule. Imisebe emuncwe kuphela eguqulwa ibe amandla kagesi.
Kuma-semiconductor asekelwe ku-silicon, kudingeka amandla angama-electron volts angu-1.11 (eV) ukuze kukhishwe i-electron ku-athomu yayo. Ama-photon kuphela anamandla amakhulu kunalo mkhawulo angakhiqiza ugesi. Kodwa-ke, amandla amaningi avela kuma-photon anamandla aphezulu ayalahleka njengokushisa, okufaka isandla ekushiseni kwephaneli yelanga, okungaphakamisa izinga lokushisa layo ngaphezu komoya ozungezile.
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-silicon empeleni athanda izindawo ezipholile, yize esadinga ukukhanya kwelanga. Njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka, amaphaneli elanga akhiqiza amandla amancane, naphezu kokuthola inani elifanayo lokukhanya kwelanga.
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu anciphisa kakhulu i-voltage ye-open-circuit (i-voltage uma kungekho current egelezayo), yize i-short-circuit (i-current uma iseli lifinyelelwe) ihlala izinzile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu aholela ekusebenzeni kahle okuphansi kanye namandla okukhipha anciphile.
Amaseli elanga avame ukuhlolwa ekushiseni okujwayelekile okungu-25°C (77°F). Lapho izinga lokushisa lephaneli lifinyelela ku-60°C (140°F) noma ngaphezulu, amandla alo aphuma ehla kakhulu. Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ngakunye, ugesi we-short-circuit ukhuphuka ngo-0.04% kuphela, kuyilapho i-voltage ye-open-circuit incipha ngo-0.4%.
Ngisho noma ukusebenza kahle kwehla ehlobo, ubuningi bokukhanya kwelanga phakathi nalesi sikhathi sonyaka kusaholela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkathi zonyaka.
Indlela Yokupholisa Amaphaneli Elanga
Njengamanye amadivayisi kagesi, amaphaneli elanga asebenza kangcono emazingeni okushisa apholile. Njengoba ethembele elangeni kunokushisa ukuze athole amandla, asebenza kangcono ezimweni ezikhanyayo kodwa ezipholile.
Ukuze sipholise amaphaneli elanga ehlobo, kufanele sibeke umthunzi? Cha! Ukuvimba ukukhanya kwelanga kungaphazamisa injongo yephaneli yelanga. Kuthiwani ngokufaka i-sunscreen? Cha, ukufaka izithiyo ezibonakalayo kunganciphisa ukumuncwa kokukhanya, futhi izindlela zamakhemikhali ngeke zisize ekwehliseni izinga lokushisa.
Kumaphaneli elanga ophahleni, umoya wemvelo uyindlela ephumelelayo neyongayo yokuwapholisa. Ukufaka amaphaneli anesikhala phakathi kwawo nophahla kuvumela umoya ukuthi ujikeleze futhi upholise amaphaneli. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina amaqabunga nemfucumfucu kude nesikhala ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba komoya nokuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile.
Abacwaningi bafunde nezindlela ezahlukene zokupholisa ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli elanga. Ngaphezu komoya wokungenisa umoya wemvelo, ukupholisa umoya okuphoqelelwe kanye nokupholisa okushisa nge-photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) kuye kwahlolwa, okunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokunciphisa amazinga okushisa kwamaphaneli nokukhulisa ukukhishwa kwamandla.
Njengoba amaseli elanga, izithunywa zamandla ahlanzekile, eqhubeka nokuhlangana nezimpilo zethu, aletha igagasi elisha lezixazululo ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi nezinobungani nemvelo.
