Makamashi koyaushe muhimmin abu ne a cikin sauye-sauye da ci gaban al'umma na ɗan adam. Wannan mahimmancin ya bayyana musamman bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu guda biyu, wanda hakan ya sa mutane suka ƙara fahimtar muhimmancin ci gaban makamashi.
A cikin al'ummar da ke ci gaba cikin sauri a yau, hanyoyin samar da makamashi na gargajiya kamar man fetur (kwal, mai, da sauransu) suna fuskantar manyan ƙalubale saboda tsawon lokacin sake farfaɗowa, raguwar ajiyar da ake yi, da kuma raguwar inganci. Waɗannan matsalolin suna ƙara sa ya zama da wahala a biya buƙatun makamashi da ke ƙaruwa, suna tura ci gaba da amfani da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi zuwa gaba.
Zane Wahayi daga Photosynthesis: Amfani da Wutar Rana
Kamar yadda muka sani, kusan dukkan makamashin da ake amfani da shi a Duniya yana samuwa ne daga photosynthesis a cikin tsirrai.
Photosynthesis tsari ne na halitta wanda tsirrai ke haɗa sukari ta amfani da carbon dioxide da ruwa a ƙarƙashin hasken rana. Tunda waɗannan sukari suna fitar da makamashi yayin metabolism, ana adana makamashin rana ta wannan hanyar.
Duk da haka, wannan makamashi ba shi da sauƙin amfani kuma yawanci yana buƙatar canzawa zuwa wutar lantarki, siffar da muke amfani da ita akai-akai. A cewar kimiyyar lissafi, sauya makamashi koyaushe yana haifar da asara. Saboda haka, canza makamashin rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki ya zama muhimmin fanni na bincike.
Shin za a iya mayar da makamashin rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki? Kuma waɗanne abubuwa ne ke tasiri ga wannan tsari? Waɗannan tambayoyi ne masu zurfi ga masana kimiyya a farkon ƙarni na 19. Abin farin ciki, babban ci gaba ya bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
Gano Tasirin Photoelectric
A shekara ta 1887, shahararren masanin kimiyyar lissafi Heinrich Hertz—wanda yanzu ake amfani da sunansa a matsayin na'urar mita—ya gano cewa hasken da ke faɗowa wasu saman abubuwa na iya canza halayen wutar lantarki. Binciken da aka yi daga baya ya nuna cewa wannan lamari ya faru ne sakamakon kwararar lantarki, wanda daga baya aka kira shi da tasirin photoelectric.
A lokacin, kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya, wadda Newton ya kafa, ta mamaye tunanin kimiyya. Ta nuna cewa haske wani raƙuman ruwa ne da ke tafiya ta cikin wani abu da ake kira ether (kamar raƙuman ruwa da ke yaɗuwa a kan tafki). A cewar wannan ka'ida, kuzarin raƙuman ruwa ya dogara ne akan girmansa (ƙarfin haske).
Wannan bayanin ya yi kama da wanda aka fahimta da fahimta. Misali, hasken rana yana jin daɗi a lokacin hunturu amma yana iya haifar da ƙonewar rana a lokacin zafi mai zafi na lokacin rani. Saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya, ana tsammanin tasirin hasken lantarki ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin haske. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwaje sun nuna akasin haka.
Bincike ya nuna cewa ga wani abu da aka bayar, wasu launuka na haske ba za su iya haifar da tasirin photoelectric ba komai yawan ƙarfinsu, yayin da wasu kuma za su iya samar da wutar lantarki ko da a ƙaramin ƙarfi ne. Waɗannan binciken sun saɓa wa kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya, suka jefa ta cikin rikici kuma suka haifar da juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Einstein Ya Tona Asirin
A tsakiyar wannan guguwar kimiyya, Albert Einstein ya bayar da wani bayani mai zurfi game da tasirin hasken lantarki.
Einstein ya gabatar da cewa haske ya ƙunshi photons, kowannensu yana wakiltar fakitin makamashi daban-daban. Ƙarfin photon ya dogara ne akan mitarsa (adadin juyawa a kowace daƙiƙa), ba ƙarfinsa ba. Don haka, ko abu zai iya samar da electrons ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan kuzarin photon, ba adadin photons ba.
Fahimtar juyin juya halin Einstein ta sa ya sami kyautar Nobel ta 1921 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, domin ta warware wata babbar matsala da kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya ta kasa bayyanawa.
Kwayoyin Rana: Juya Haske zuwa Wutar Lantarki
Gano tasirin hasken rana (photoelectric effect) ya buɗe hanya don amfani da abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin hasken rana.
Kwayar hasken rana tana kama da sanwici, tare da wani Layer mai aiki mai saurin amsawa ga haske wanda aka sanya tsakanin layin jigilar electron da layin jigilar hole. Ƙarshen tsarin guda biyu kayan lantarki ne, galibi ƙarfe da indium tin oxide (ITO).
Idan Layer ɗin da ke aiki ya sha photons, electrons ɗinsa suna motsawa zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma. Ana canja waɗannan electrons masu motsawa zuwa Layer ɗin jigilar electrons, yayin da "ramuka" (yankunan da ba su da electrons) ake gudanar da su ta hanyar Layer ɗin jigilar ramuka. Wannan tsari yana ƙirƙirar da'ira, wanda ke ba da damar kwararar wutar lantarki.
Ta hanyar amfani da irin wannan tsarin na'ura, ana iya mayar da makamashin rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda hakan zai ba mu tushen makamashi mai inganci da tsafta.
Girmamawa ga Binciken Kimiyya
Ka'idar ƙwayoyin hasken rana ta nuna yadda binciken kimiyya ya inganta rayuwarmu sosai. Godiya ga sadaukarwar masana kimiyya marasa adadi da kuma abubuwan da suka gano, bil'adama na ci gaba da amfani da ikon yanayi don samun makoma mai haske. Bari mu yaba wa gudummawar da suka bayar!
