Amandla abelokhu eyisici esibalulekile ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kwabantu. Lokhu kubaluleka kwabonakala kakhulu ngemva kwezinguquko ezimbili zezimboni, okwenza abantu baqaphele indima ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla.
Emphakathini wanamuhla othuthuka ngokushesha, imithombo yamandla yendabuko efana namafutha emvelo (amalahle, uwoyela, njll.) ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ngenxa yemijikelezo ende yokuvuselelwa, ukwehla kwemithombo egciniwe, kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi. Lezi zinkinga zenza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuhlangabezana nesidingo samandla esikhulayo, okuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha.
Ukuthola Ugqozi Oluvela Ku-Photosynthesis: Ukusebenzisa Amandla Elanga
Njengoba sazi, cishe wonke amandla angasetshenziswa eMhlabeni avela ku-photosynthesis ezitshalweni.
I-Photosynthesis inqubo yezinto eziphilayo lapho izitshalo zikhiqiza khona ushukela zisebenzisa i-carbon dioxide namanzi ngaphansi kwelanga. Njengoba lawa shukela ekhipha amandla ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism, amandla elanga agcinwa ngale ndlela.
Kodwa-ke, la mandla awasebenziseki kalula futhi ngokuvamile adinga ukuguqulwa abe ugesi, uhlobo esivame ukulisebenzisa. Ngokusho kwefiziksi, ukuguqulwa kwamandla kuhlala kuhilela ukulahlekelwa okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqula ngqo amandla elanga abe ugesi sekuyindawo ebalulekile yocwaningo.
Ingabe amandla elanga angaguqulwa ngqo abe ugesi? Futhi yiziphi izici ezithonya le nqubo? Lezi kwakuyimibuzo ebalulekile kososayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngenhlanhla, kwavela intuthuko enkulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Ukutholakala Komphumela We-Photoelectric
Ngo-1887, isazi sesayensi esidumile uHeinrich Hertz—ogama lakhe manje elisetshenziswa njengeyunithi yemvamisa—wathola ngephutha ukuthi ukukhanya okushaya izindawo ezithile zezinto kungashintsha izakhiwo zazo zikagesi. Ucwaningo olulandelayo lwembula ukuthi lesi simo sasibangelwa ukugeleza kwama-electron, kamuva okwabizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-photoelectric.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-physics yakudala, eyasungulwa uNewton, yayibusa imicabango yesayensi. Yathi ukukhanya kwakuyigagasi elihamba endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-ether (efana namagagasi asakazeka echibini). Ngokwalo mbono, amandla wegagasi ayexhomeke kubukhulu balo (ubukhulu bokukhanya).
Le ncazelo yayibonakala iqondakala kalula. Isibonelo, ukukhanya kwelanga kuzwakala kufudumele ebusika kodwa kungabangela ukushiswa yilanga ekushiseni okukhulu kwehlobo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwefiziksi yakudala, umphumela we-photoelectric kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uncike ekuqineni kokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lubonise okuhlukile.
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ezintweni ezithile, imibala ethile yokukhanya ayikwazi ukubangela umphumela we-photoelectric kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unamandla kangakanani, kanti eminye ingakhiqiza ugesi ngisho noma unamandla aphansi. Lokhu okutholakele kwaphikisana ne-physics yakudala, kwayifaka enkingeni futhi kwabangela uguquko lwesayensi.
U-Einstein Wembula Imfihlakalo
Phakathi nalesi siphepho sesayensi, u-Albert Einstein wanikeza incazelo ephawulekayo ngomphumela we-photoelectric.
U-Einstein waphakamisa ukuthi ukukhanya kuqukethe ama-photon, ngalinye limelela iphakethe lamandla elihlukile. Amandla e-photon ancike emvamisa yawo (inani lokunyakaza ngomzuzwana), hhayi ukuqina kwawo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi into ethile ingakhiqiza ama-electron kuncike ngokuphelele emandleni e-photon, hhayi enanini lama-photon.
Ukuqonda kuka-Einstein okuguqukile kwamtholela uMklomelo kaNobel weFiziksi ngo-1921, njengoba kwaxazulula inkinga ebalulekile ifiziksi yakudala ehlulekile ukuyichaza.
Amaseli Elanga: Ukuguqula Ukukhanya Kube Ugesi
Ukutholakala komphumela we-photoelectric kwavula indlela yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo njengamaseli elanga.
Iseli lelanga lifana nesandwich, elinesendlalelo esisebenzayo esizwela ukukhanya esibekwe phakathi kwesendlalelo sokuthutha ama-electron kanye nesendlalelo sokuthutha imigodi. Iziphetho ezimbili zesakhiwo ziyizinto ze-electrode, ngokuvamile insimbi kanye ne-indium tin oxide (ITO).
Uma ungqimba olusebenzayo lumunca ama-photon, ama-electron alo avuselelwa emazingeni aphezulu amandla. Lawa ma-electron avuselelwe adluliselwa kungqimba lokuthuthwa kwama-electron, kuyilapho "imigodi" (izifunda ezingenawo ama-electron) iqhutshwa ungqimba lokuthuthwa kwama-hole. Lokhu kuhlelwa kudala isekethe, okuvumela ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi.
Ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo esinjalo sedivayisi, amandla elanga angaguqulwa ngqo abe ugesi, okusinika umthombo wamandla osebenza kahle futhi ohlanzekile.
Ukuhlonipha Ukuhlola Kwesayensi
Isimiso samaseli elanga sibonisa indlela ukuhlola kwesayensi okuthuthukise ngayo izimpilo zethu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuzinikela kososayensi abaningi kanye nokuthola kwabo okumangalisayo, isintu siyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla emvelo ukuze kube nekusasa eliqhakazile. Masibonge ngeminikelo yabo emangalisayo!
