He mea nui tonu te pūngao i roto i te panonitanga me te ahunga whakamua o te hapori tangata. I kitea nuitia tēnei hiranga i muri i ngā Huringa Ahumahi e rua, ā, i piki haere te mōhio o te iwi ki te tūranga nui o te whanaketanga pūngao.
I roto i te hapori tere whanaketanga o ēnei rā, he nui ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā pūtake pūngao tuku iho pērā i ngā wahie pūmua (waro, hinu, me ētahi atu) nā te roa o ngā huringa whakaora, te hekenga o ngā rahui, me te hekenga o te kounga. Nā ēnei take ka uaua haere te whakatutuki i te hiahia pūngao e tipu haere ana, ka panaia te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā pūtake pūngao hou ki mua.
Te Whakaaweawe mai i te Whakaahua-ā-Whāorite: Te Whakamahi i te Mana o te Rā
E mōhio ana tātou, ko te nuinga o te pūngao e taea ana te whakamahi i runga i te Ao e ahu mai ana i te photosynthesis i roto i ngā tipu.
Ko te whakaahua-ā-tinana he tukanga koiora e hangaia ai e ngā tipu ngā huka mā te whakamahi i te hauhā me te wai i raro i te rā. Nā te mea ka tukuna e ēnei huka te pūngao i te wā e pākia ai te tinana, ka rongoatia te pūngao o te rā i tēnei ara.
Heoi, kāore tēnei pūngao e ngāwari te whakamahi, ā, me huri hei hiko, te āhua e whakamahia whānuitia ana e tātou. E ai ki te ahupūngao, he mate tonu te hurihanga pūngao. Nō reira, kua noho hei wāhanga rangahau nui te hurihanga tika i te pūngao o te rā ki te hiko.
Ka taea te huri tika i te pūngao o te rā hei hiko? Ā, he aha ngā mea e pā ana ki tēnei tukanga? He pātai hohonu ēnei mā ngā kaipūtaiao i te tīmatanga o te rautau 19. Waimarie, i puta mai he putanga nui i te mutunga o te rautau 19.
Te Kitea o te Pānga Whakaahua-Hiko
I te tau 1887, i kitea pōhēhētia e te tohunga ahupūngao rongonui a Heinrich Hertz—ko tōna ingoa e whakamahia ana i nāianei hei waeine mō te auautanga—ka taea e te mārama e pā ana ki ētahi mata rauemi te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhuatanga hiko. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau i muri mai ko tēnei āhuatanga i puta mai i te rere o te irahiko, i muri mai ka kiia ko te pānga whakaahua-hiko.
I taua wā, ko te ahupūngao matarohia, i whakatūria e Newton, te mea i kaha ake ai te whakaaro pūtaiao. I whakapaetia ko te māramatanga he ngaru e haere ana i roto i tētahi reo e kiia nei ko te ether (he rite ki ngā riu e horapa ana puta noa i tētahi roto). E ai ki tēnei ariā, ko te kaha o te ngaru e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna whānui (te kaha o te māramatanga).
I te āhua māmā noa iho tēnei whakamārama. Hei tauira, he mahana te hihi o te rā i te takurua, engari ka taea te werawera i te wera nui o te raumati. Nō reira, i raro i te ahupūngao matarohia, i whakaarohia ko te pānga hikohiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te mārama. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau he rerekē.
I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau, mō tētahi rauemi, kāore e taea e ētahi tae o te mārama te whakaputa i te pānga hikohiko ahakoa te kaha, ko ētahi atu ia ka taea te whakaputa hiko ahakoa te kaha iti. I whakahē ēnei kitenga i te ahupūngao matarohia, ā, i rukuhia ki roto i te raruraru, ā, i puta ai he hurihanga pūtaiao.
Ka hurahia e Einstein te mea ngaro
I waenganui i tēnei tupuhi pūtaiao, i homai e Albert Einstein tētahi whakamārama hou mō te pānga whakaahua-hiko.
I whakaaro a Einstein ko te mārama he mea hanga ki ngā photon, ia photon e tohu ana i tētahi kete pūngao motuhake. Ko te pūngao o te photon e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna auau (te maha o ngā wiriwiri ia hekona), ehara i te kaha. Nō reira, ko te kaha o te whakaputa irahiko o tētahi rauemi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pūngao o te photon, ehara i te maha o ngā photon.
Nā te māramatanga hou o Einstein i whakawhiwhia ia ki te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1921, nā te mea i whakatau i tētahi take nui kāore i taea e te ahupūngao tawhito te whakamārama.
Ngā Pūtau Rā: Te Huri i te Mārama hei Hiko
Nā te kitenga o te pānga hikohiko i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā tono mahi pēnei i ngā pūtau rā.
He rite te pūtau rā ki te hanawiti, me te paparanga hohe e aro ana ki te mārama kei waenganui i te paparanga kawe irahiko me te paparanga kawe kōhao. Ko ngā pito e rua o te hanganga he rauemi irahiko, he mea whakarewa me te waikura tine indium (ITO).
Ina mimiti te paparanga hohe i ngā photon, ka whakaohokia ōna irahiko ki ngā taumata pūngao teitei ake. Ka whakawhitia ēnei irahiko whakaohokia ki te paparanga kawe irahiko, ko ngā "pū" (ngā rohe kāore he irahiko) ka arahina e te paparanga kawe pū. Mā tēnei whakaritenga ka hangaia he ara iahiko, ka taea ai te rere o te iahiko.
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi hanganga pēnei o te taputapu, ka taea te huri tika i te pūngao o te rā hei hiko, ka puta he pūtake pūngao whai hua, ma hoki.
He Whakanui ki te Tūhuratanga Pūtaiao
Ko te kaupapa o ngā pūtau rā e whakaatu ana i te whakapainga nui a te tūhuratanga pūtaiao i ō tātou oranga. Nā te whakapau kaha o te tini o ngā kaipūtaiao me ā rātou kitenga hou, kei te whakamahi tonu te tangata i te mana o te taiao mō tētahi heke mai kanapa. Kia mihi tātou ki ā rātou takoha whakamiharo!
