Amandla ebesoloko eyinto ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni nasekuqhubeleni phambili koluntu. Olu kubaluleka lwabonakala ngakumbi emva kweeNguqu ezimbini zezoShishino, nto leyo eyenza abantu baqonde ngakumbi indima ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwamandla.
Kwintlalo yanamhlanje ekhula ngokukhawuleza, imithombo yamandla yendabuko efana namafutha efosili (amalahle, ioyile, njl.njl.) ijongene nemingeni emikhulu ngenxa yemijikelo emide yokuvuselelwa, ukwehla kwemithombo egciniweyo, kunye nokuncipha komgangatho. Le miba yenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yamandla ekhulayo, nto leyo etyhalela phambili uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla emitsha.
Ukufumana Ugqozi kwiFotosynthesis: Ukusebenzisa Amandla elanga
Njengoko sisazi, phantse onke amandla asetyenziswayo eMhlabeni avela kwi-photosynthesis kwizityalo.
I-Photosynthesis yinkqubo yebhayoloji apho izityalo zenza khona iswekile zisebenzisa i-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi phantsi kwelanga. Ekubeni ezi swekile zikhupha amandla ngexesha le-metabolism, amandla elanga agcinwa ngale ndlela.
Nangona kunjalo, la mandla awanakusetyenziswa lula kwaye adla ngokufuna ukuguqulwa abe ngumbane, uhlobo esilusebenzisa rhoqo. Ngokwefiziksi, ukuguqulwa kwamandla kusoloko kubandakanya ilahleko ethile. Ngenxa yoko, ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla elanga abe ngumbane kube yindawo ebalulekileyo yophando.
Ngaba amandla elanga anokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo abe ngumbane? Kwaye zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela le nkqubo? Le yayiyimibuzo ebalulekileyo kwizazinzulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ngethamsanqa, kwavela inkqubela enkulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
Ukufunyanwa kweMpembelelo yePhotoelectric
Ngowe-1887, isazinzulu esidumileyo uHeinrich Hertz—ogama lakhe ngoku lisetyenziswa njengeyunithi ye-frequency—ngempazamo wafumanisa ukuba ukukhanya okubetha iindawo ezithile zombane kunokutshintsha iimpawu zazo zombane. Uphando olulandelayo lwatyhila ukuba le nto ibangelwe kukuhamba kwee-electron, kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi-photoelectric effect.
Ngelo xesha, ifiziksi yakudala, eyasekwa nguNewton, yayilawula iingcinga zesayensi. Yayisithi ukukhanya yayiliza elihamba ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-ether (efana namaza asasazeka edamini). Ngokwale ngcamango, amandla eza axhomekeke kubukhulu bawo (ubukhulu bokukhanya).
Le ngcaciso yayibonakala ilula. Umzekelo, ukukhanya kwelanga kuvakala kufudumele kamnandi ebusika kodwa kunokubangela ukutshiswa lilanga kubushushu obukhulu basehlotyeni. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwefiziksi yakudala, isiphumo se-photoelectric sasicingelwa ukuba sixhomekeke kubukhali bokukhanya. Sekunjalo, iimvavanyo zibonise okwahlukileyo.
Uphando lubonise ukuba kwizinto ezithile, imibala ethile yokukhanya ayinakubangela isiphumo se-photoelectric nokuba ingakanani na amandla, ngelixa eminye inokuvelisa umbane nokuba ingakanani na amandla. Ezi ziphumo ziphikisana nefiziksi yakudala, zayifaka kwingxaki kwaye zabangela utshintsho olukhulu lwesayensi.
UEinstein Utyhila Imfihlakalo
Phakathi kwesi siphepho senzululwazi, uAlbert Einstein wanikela ngengcaciso emangalisayo ngesiphumo se-photoelectric.
UEinstein wacebisa ukuba ukukhanya kuqulathe ii-photon, nganye imele ipakethi yamandla eyahlukileyo. Amandla e-photon axhomekeke kwi-frequency yayo (inani le-oscillations ngomzuzwana), hayi kubunzulu bayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba into ethile inokuvelisa ii-electron kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumandla e-photon, kungekhona kwinani lee-photon.
Ingqiqo ka-Einstein yokuguquka yamenza wafumana iMbasa yeNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-1921, njengoko yasombulula ingxaki ebalulekileyo ifiziksi yakudala engakwazanga ukuyichaza.
Iiseli zelanga: Ukuguqula ukukhanya kube ngumbane
Ukufunyanwa kwesiphumo se-photoelectric kwavula indlela yokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo njengeeseli zelanga.
Iseli yelanga ifana nesandwich, kunye nomaleko osebenzayo obonakalayo ekukhanyeni obekwe phakathi komaleko wokuthutha i-electron kunye nomaleko wokuthutha umngxuma. Iziphelo ezimbini zesakhiwo zizinto ze-electrode, ezidla ngokuba yintsimbi kunye ne-indium tin oxide (ITO).
Xa umaleko osebenzayo ufunxa ii-photon, ii-electron zawo ziyavuselelwa kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla. Ezi electron zivuselelwe zidluliselwa kumaleko wothutho lwee-electron, ngelixa "imingxunya" (iindawo ezingenazo ii-electron) iqhutywa ngumaleko wothutho lweengxunya. Olu lungiselelo ludala isekethe, evumela ukuhamba kombane.
Ngokusebenzisa ulwakhiwo olunjalo lwesixhobo, amandla elanga anokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo abe ngumbane, nto leyo esinika umthombo wamandla osebenzayo nococekileyo.
Imbeko kuPhando lwezeSayensi
Umgaqo weeseli zelanga ubonisa indlela uphando lwesayensi oluye lwaphucula ngayo ubomi bethu. Ngenxa yokuzinikela kwezazinzulu ezingenakubalwa kunye nokufumanisa kwazo okumangalisayo, uluntu luyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla endalo ukuze kubekho ikamva eliqaqambileyo. Masibonge ngeminikelo yabo engaqhelekanga!
