Simba ragara riri chinhu chakakosha mukuchinja kwevanhu nekufambira mberi. Kukosha uku kwakava pachena zvakanyanya mushure meMaindasitiri maviri eRevolution, zvichiita kuti vanhu vazive zvakanyanya nezvebasa guru rekusimudzira simba.
Munharaunda yanhasi iri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza, simba rekare rakadai semafuta efossil (marasha, mafuta, nezvimwewo) rinosangana nematambudziko makuru nekuda kwekuchinja kwenguva refu kwesimba, kudzikira kwemari inochengetwa, uye kudzikira kwemhando yesimba. Matambudziko aya anoita kuti zviome kusangana nekudiwa kwesimba kuri kukura, zvichisundira mberi kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwesimba idzva.
Kutora Kurudziro kubva kuPhotosynthesis: Kushandisa Simba reZuva
Sezvatinoziva, simba rinenge rese rinoshandiswa paNyika rinobva mufotosinhynthesis mumiti.
Photosynthesis inzira yehupenyu umo zvirimwa zvinogadzira shuga vachishandisa carbon dioxide nemvura pasi pezuva. Sezvo shuga idzi dzichiburitsa simba panguva yekushandiswa kwesimba rezuva, simba rezuva rinochengetwa nenzira iyi.
Zvisinei, simba iri harisi nyore kushandisa uye rinowanzo da kushandurwa kuita magetsi, rudzi rwatinoshandisa. Sekureva kwefizikisi, kushandurwa kwesimba nguva dzose kunoreva kurasikirwa. Nokudaro, kushandurwa kwesimba rezuva kuita magetsi zvakananga kwave nzvimbo yakakosha yekutsvaga.
Simba rezuva rinogona kushandurwa zvakananga kuita magetsi here? Uye zvinhu zvipi zvinopesvedzera maitiro aya? Iyi yaive mibvunzo yakadzama kune masayendisiti mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Nerombo rakanaka, budiriro huru yakabuda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19.
Kuwanikwa kweMhedzisiro yePhotoelectric
Muna 1887, nyanzvi yefizikisi ine mukurumbira Heinrich Hertz—ava nezita rava kushandiswa sechikamu chefrequency—netsaona akawana kuti chiedza chinorova dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvinhu chaigona kuchinja hunhu hwadzo hwemagetsi. Ongororo yakatevera yakaratidza kuti chiitiko ichi chakakonzerwa nekuyerera kwemaerekitironi, izvo zvakazotumidzwa kuti photoelectric effect.
Panguva iyoyo, fizikisi yekare, yakatangwa naNewton, ndiyo yaitonga pfungwa dzesainzi. Yakati chiedza chaive mafungu aifamba nepakati pechinhu chinonzi ether (chakafanana nemafungu anopararira mudziva). Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi, simba remafungu raienderana nehukuru hwaro (simba rechiedza).
Tsananguro iyi yairatidzika kunge iri nyore kunzwisisa. Semuenzaniso, chiedza chezuva chinodziya zvakanaka muchando asi chinogona kukonzera kupiswa nezuva mukupisa kwakanyanya kwezhizha. Saka, pasi pefizikisi yekare, mhedzisiro yemagetsi yaifungidzirwa kuti inoenderana nekusimba kwechiedza. Asi, kuyedza kwakaratidza zvakasiyana.
Ongororo yakaratidza kuti pane chimwe chinhu, mamwe mavara echiedza haakwanise kukonzera simba remagetsi pasinei nekusimba kwaro, nepo mamwe aigona kugadzira magetsi kunyangwe pasimba diki. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvaipesana nefizikisi yekare, zvikaita kuti ive dambudziko uye zvakakonzera shanduko yesainzi.
Einstein Anofumura Chakavanzika
Pakati pedutu iri resainzi, Albert Einstein akapa tsananguro inoshamisa yemhedzisiro yemagetsi ekunze.
Einstein akataura kuti chiedza chine ma photon, rimwe nerimwe richimiririra pakiti yesimba yakasiyana. Simba re photon rinoenderana nefrequency yaro (huwandu hwekufamba-famba pasekondi), kwete simba raro. Saka, kana chinhu chichigona kugadzira maerekitironi zvinoenderana chete nesimba re photon, kwete huwandu hwema photon.
Ruzivo rwaEinstein rwekuchinja-chinja rwakamuwanira mubairo weNobel Prize muFizikisi muna 1921, sezvo rwakagadzirisa nyaya yakakosha iyo fizikisi yekare yakatadza kutsanangura.
Masero Ezuva: Kushandura Chiedza kuita Magetsi
Kuwanikwa kwemhedzisiro yemagetsi ezuva kwakagadzira nzira yekushandisa masero ezuva.
Sero rezuva rakafanana nesandwich, rine active layer inonzwisisika nechiedza yakaiswa pakati pe electron transport layer ne gomba transport layer. Migumo miviri yechimiro chacho i electrode materials, kazhinji simbi ne indium tin oxide (ITO).
Kana jira rinoshanda richitora ma photon, maerekitironi aro anofashukira kusvika padanho repamusoro resimba. Maerekitironi aya anofashukira anotamisirwa ku jira rinofambisa maerekitironi, ukuwo "maburi" (nzvimbo dzisina maerekitironi) achifambiswa nejira rinofambisa maburi. Kurongeka uku kunogadzira dunhu, zvichiita kuti magetsi afambe zvakanaka.
Nekushandisa chimiro chakadaro chemuchina, simba rezuva rinogona kushandurwa zvakananga kuita magetsi, zvichitipa simba rinoshanda uye rakachena.
Kuremekedza Kuongorora Sainzi
Nheyo yemasero ezuva inoratidza kuti kuongorora kwesainzi kwakavandudza sei hupenyu hwedu zvikuru. Nekuda kwekuzvipira kwevasayendisiti vasingaverengeki uye zvavakawana zvinoshamisa, vanhu vanoramba vachishandisa simba rezvisikwa kuti vawane ramangwana rakajeka. Ngatiremekedzei mipiro yavo inoshamisa!
