Uko ingufu zikoreshwa ku isi zikomeza kwiyongera n'ubukangurambaga ku bidukikije bugenda bwiyongera, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, umutungo usukuye kandi ushobora kongera gukoreshwa, zirimo kwitabwaho cyane. Sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge, uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, zagiye zikoreshwa cyane mu bihugu byinshi no mu turere twinshi. Iyi nkuru isobanura uburyo sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge bikora, harimo ibice byazo by'ingenzi, uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi, n'ingufu zisohoka.
1. Ibice by'ingenzi bya sisitemu ya PV yo hejuru y'inzu
Sisitemu ya PV yo hejuru y’inzu igizwe n’ibice byinshi by’ingenzi, birimo paneli z’izuba (PV modules), inverter, sisitemu zo gushyiramo, insinga, n’agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza.
Ibyuma by'izuba: Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu ya PV yo hejuru y'inzu, ibyuma by'izuba bigizwe n'uturemangingo twinshi tw'izuba, akenshi dukoresha silikoni. Silikoni ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi neza, bigatuma urumuri rw'izuba ruhinduka amashanyarazi. Hari ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bwa ibyuma by'izuba: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, na amorphous silikoni. Ibyuma by'izuba bitanga ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cyane ariko birahenze cyane.
Inverter: Inshingano ya inverter ni uguhindura umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uturutse ku mirasire y’izuba (DC) ukoreshwa n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyangwa mu nganda (AC) kugira ngo bikoreshwe n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyangwa mu nganda. Imikorere ya inverter igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere n’ingufu bya sisitemu ya PV, bityo ibintu nk’imikorere myiza yo guhindura amashanyarazi, ingufu, n’ubwizerwe bigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo guhitamo inverter.
Sisitemu yo Gushyiraho: Sisitemu yo gushyiraho ikoreshwa mu gushyiraho no gufunga panneaux z'izuba ku gisenge, bigatuma habaho impinduka ku nguni no mu cyerekezo kugira ngo urumuri rw'izuba rugere ku rugero ntarengwa. Ubwoko bw'isitemu yo gushyiraho imashini zihamye, zikurikirana, n'izishobora guhindurwa, buri imwe ikwiranye n'imiterere n'ibikenewe bitandukanye by'igisenge.
Insinga n'agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza: Insinga zihuza paneli z'izuba, inverter, na grid, zitanga ingufu zo kohereza. Agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza karinda sisitemu ya PV, karinda ibibazo nk'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukabije n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukabije.
2. Uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa PV yo hejuru y'inzu
Uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya PV ku gisenge bushingiye ahanini ku ngaruka za fotovoltaic muri fiziki. Iyo izuba rigeze ku mirasire y'izuba, fotoni zikorana na electron ziri mu bikoresho bya semiconductor, bigatanga amashanyarazi. Dore uko bikora:
Kumenya Fotone: Fotone ziri mu zuba zitwarwa n'ibikoresho bya semiconductor biri mu mirasire y'izuba.
Ingaruka za photovoltaic: Ingufu ziva muri photon zitera electron mu bikoresho bya semiconductor, bigatuma zisimbuka ziva kuri valence band zijya kuri conduction band, bigatuma habaho electron-hole pairs. Electron zidafite amashanyarazi n'imyobo isigaye inyuma bitanga amashanyarazi uko bigenda.
Gutandukanya umuriro n'ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi: Munsi y'amashanyarazi y'imbere mu ngirabuzimafatizo, electron n'imyobo byakozwe biratandukana bikajya ku mpera zitandukanye, bigatuma habaho itandukaniro ry'amashanyarazi no gukora umuriro.
3. Ingufu zisohoka n'ikoreshwa ryazo
Amashanyarazi aturuka ku mirasire y'izuba akenshi aba ari mu ishusho ya DC kandi agomba guhindurwamo AC binyuze mu cyuma gikoresha inverter kugira ngo gikoreshwe mu ngo cyangwa mu nganda. Byongeye kandi, sisitemu za PV zishobora kubika amashanyarazi arenze mu mapaki ya bateri kugira ngo zizakoreshwe nyuma.
Muri sisitemu za PV zikwirakwizwa, amashanyarazi atangwa ahanini akoreshwa na nyirayo, mu gihe andi yose ashobora kugurishwa kuri grid. Ubu buryo bwo "kwiyishyurira hamwe n'andi menshi ashyirwa muri grid" ntibugabanya gusa ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi ahubwo bunagira uruhare mu kurengera ibidukikije.
4. Ibyiza n'amahirwe yo gukoresha PV yo hejuru y'inzu
PV yo ku gisenge ni igisubizo cy’ingufu zisukuye kandi zidafite umwanda, zifite ibyiza bifatika. Icya mbere, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni umutungo kamere ushobora kongera gukoreshwa, utuma habaho gutanga ingufu zirambye. Icya kabiri, sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zihuzwa neza n’inyubako, zikongera ubwiza bw’inzu mu gihe zitanga igicucu n’ubushyuhe, bityo zikongera ihumure ry’inyubako.
Bitewe n'iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya PV no kugabanuka kw'ibiciro, sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zirimo kwitabwaho cyane. Mu nzego z'ubucuruzi n'inganda, sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zitanga ingufu zisukuye kandi zihendutse, zigabanya ikiguzi cy'ingufu kandi zikongera inyungu mu bukungu. Ku nyubako zo guturamo, sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zishobora gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu ngo, amafaranga asigaye akagurishwa ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi kugira ngo haboneke inyungu yiyongera. Byongeye kandi, inzego z'igihugu n'iz'ibanze zishyigikiye cyane inganda za PV, zishyira mu bikorwa politiki zo gushishikariza ishyirwaho rya PV.
Mu gusoza, sisitemu za PV zo ku gisenge zikora hashingiwe ku ngaruka za photovoltaic, zihindura urumuri rw'izuba amashanyarazi binyuze mu mirasire y'izuba hanyuma zikayatanga ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi binyuze mu byuma bihindura ingufu. Nk'isoko y'ingufu zisukuye kandi zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, PV yo ku gisenge itanga inyungu zikomeye kandi itanga amahirwe menshi yo kuyikoresha.
