Njengoko imfuno yamandla ehlabathi iqhubeka nokukhula kwaye ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo lukhula, amandla elanga, umthombo ococekileyo nohlaziyekayo, ufumana ingqalelo eyandayo. Iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic (PV) zophahla, indlela esebenzayo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga, ziye zamkelwe ngokubanzi kumazwe amaninzi nakwiindawo. Eli nqaku lichaza indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo ze-PV zophahla, kuquka izinto eziphambili zazo, inkqubo yokuguqula i-photoelectric, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamandla.
1. Izinto eziphambili zeNkqubo yePV yophahla
Inkqubo ye-PV yophahla iqulathe izinto ezibalulekileyo ezininzi, kuquka iiphaneli zelanga (iimodyuli ze-PV), i-inverter, iinkqubo zokufakela, iintambo, kunye nebhokisi yokuhambisa.
Iiphaneli zelanga: Njengenxalenye ephambili yenkqubo ye-PV eluphahleni, iiphaneli zelanga zenziwe ngeeseli ezininzi zelanga, zihlala zisebenzisa i-silicon. I-Silicon inokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula i-photoelectric, ivumela ukukhanya kwelanga ukuba kuguqulwe kube ngumbane. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeephaneli zelanga: i-monocrystalline, i-polycrystalline, kunye ne-silicon engenasimo. Iiphaneli ze-monocrystalline zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kodwa zibiza kakhulu.
I-Inverter: Umsebenzi we-inverter kukuguqula i-direct current (DC) eveliswa ziiphaneli zelanga ibe yi-alternating current (AC) ukuze isetyenziswe zizixhobo zasekhaya okanye zemizi-mveliso. Ukusebenza kwe-inverter kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo ye-PV, ngoko ke izinto ezifana nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa, amandla, kunye nokuthembeka kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kukhethwa i-inverter.
Inkqubo Yokufakela: Inkqubo yokufakela isetyenziselwa ukufaka nokukhusela iiphaneli zelanga eluphahleni, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso kwi-engile kunye nokujonga ukuze kubonakale ukukhanya kwelanga okuphezulu. Iindidi zeenkqubo zokufakela ziquka izixhobo zokufakela ezizinzileyo, ezilandelelanayo, nezihlengahlengiswayo, nganye ifanelekile kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zophahla kunye neemfuno.
Iintambo kunye neBhokisi yoSasazo: Iintambo zidibanisa iiphaneli zelanga, i-inverter, kunye negridi, amandla okudlulisa. Ibhokisi yosasazo ikhusela inkqubo ye-PV, ithintela imiba efana nombane ogqithisileyo kunye nombane ogqithisileyo.
2. Inkqubo yokuguqula i-Photoelectric kwiiNkqubo ze-PV zophahla
Inkqubo yokuguqula i-photoelectric kwiinkqubo ze-PV eziphahleni isekelwe ikakhulu kwimpembelelo ye-photovoltaic kwifiziksi. Xa ilanga libetha iiphaneli zelanga, ii-photon zidibana nee-elektroni kwi-semiconductor material, zivelise umbane. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo:
Ukufunxwa kweFoton: IiFoton ekukhanyeni kwelanga zifunxwa zizinto ze-semiconductor ezikwiphaneli yelanga.
Isiphumo se-Photovoltaic: Amandla avela kwii-photon avuselela ii-electron kwi-semiconductor material, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zitsibe ukusuka kwi-valence band ziye kwi-conduction band, nto leyo edala ii-electron-hole pairs. Ii-electron zasimahla kunye nemingxuma eshiyekileyo zivelisa umbane njengoko zihamba.
Ukwahlulwa kweTshaja kunye nokuVeliswa kwaNgoku: Phantsi kwentsimi yombane yangaphakathi yeseli, ii-elektroni kunye nemingxunya eveliswayo ziyahlulwa kwaye ziya ngaseziphelweni ezichaseneyo, kudala umahluko wevolthi kwaye kuvelise umsinga.
3. Imveliso yamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo
Umbane oveliswa ziiphaneli zelanga uhlala ukwimo yeDC kwaye kufuneka uguqulwe ube yi-AC nge-inverter yokusetyenziswa ekhaya okanye kwimizi-mveliso. Ukongeza, iinkqubo ze-PV zinokugcina umbane ogqithisileyo kwiipakethi zebhetri ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva.
Kwiinkqubo ze-PV ezisasaziweyo, umbane oveliswayo usetyenziswa kakhulu ngumnini, ngelixa naluphi na umbane osele ungathengiswa kwakhona kwigridi. Olu hlobo "lokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho kunye nombane osele ufakwe kwigridi" alunciphisi nje kuphela iindleko zombane kodwa lukwanegalelo ekukhuselweni kokusingqongileyo.
4. Iingenelo kunye namathuba okusetyenziswa kwe-PV yophahla
I-PV yophahla sisisombululo samandla esicocekileyo nesingenangcoliseko esineenzuzo eziphawulekayo. Okokuqala, amandla elanga sisixhobo esivuselelekayo, esiqinisekisa ukubonelelwa kwamandla okuzinzileyo. Okwesibini, iinkqubo ze-PV zophahla zidibana kakuhle nezakhiwo, ziphucula ubuhle ngelixa zibonelela ngomthunzi kunye nobushushu, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula intuthuzelo yesakhiwo.
Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji ye-PV kunye nokwehla kweendleko, iinkqubo ze-PV zophahla ziyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kumacandelo orhwebo kunye nemizi-mveliso, iinkqubo ze-PV zophahla zibonelela ngamandla acocekileyo, angabizi kakhulu, anciphisa iindleko zamandla kwaye aphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho. Kwizakhiwo zokuhlala, iinkqubo ze-PV zophahla zinokubonelela ngombane wasekhaya, kunye nayo nayiphi na intsalela ethengiswa kwigridi ukuze kufunyanwe ingeniso eyongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, oorhulumente besizwe nabasekhaya baxhasa kakhulu ishishini le-PV, besebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza ukufakwa kwe-PV.
Ukuqukumbela, iinkqubo ze-PV eziphahleni zisebenza ngokusekelwe kwisiphumo se-photovoltaic, ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane ngeephaneli zelanga kwaye ziwunike izixhobo zombane ngee-inverters. Njengomthombo wamandla ococekileyo nohlaziyekayo, i-PV ephahleni inika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kunye namathuba athembisayo okusetyenziswa.
