Njengoba isidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke siqhubeka nokukhula kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo kukhula, amandla elanga, umthombo ohlanzekile novuselelekayo, uthola ukunakwa okwandayo. Izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic (PV) zophahla, indlela ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga, ziye zamukelwa kabanzi emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni. Lesi sihloko sichaza indlela izinhlelo ze-PV zophahla ezisebenza ngayo, okuhlanganisa izingxenye zazo eziyinhloko, inqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric, kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla.
1. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo lwe-PV Lophahla
Uhlelo lwe-PV oluphahleni luqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa amaphaneli elanga (amamojula e-PV), i-inverter, izinhlelo zokufaka, izintambo, kanye nebhokisi lokusabalalisa.
Amaphaneli Elanga: Njengengxenye eyinhloko yesistimu ye-PV yophahla, amaphaneli elanga akhiwe ngamaseli amaningi elanga, ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-silicon. I-Silicon inamandla okuguqula i-photoelectric kahle kakhulu, okuvumela ukukhanya kwelanga ukuthi kuguqulwe kube ugesi. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamaphaneli elanga: i-monocrystalline, i-polycrystalline, kanye ne-silicon engaguquki. Amaphaneli e-monocrystalline anikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kodwa abiza kakhulu.
I-Inverter: Umsebenzi we-inverter ukuguqula i-direct current (DC) ekhiqizwa amaphaneli elanga ibe yi-alternating current (AC) ukuze isetshenziswe yizinto zasendlini noma zezimboni. Ukusebenza kwe-inverter kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina kohlelo lwe-PV, ngakho-ke izici ezifana nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa, amandla, kanye nokuthembeka kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa i-inverter.
Uhlelo Lokufaka: Uhlelo lokufaka lusetshenziselwa ukufaka nokuvikela amaphaneli elanga ophahleni, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwe-engeli kanye nokuma ukuze kutholakale ukukhanya kwelanga okuphezulu. Izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokufaka zifaka phakathi izikhonkwane eziqinile, zokulandelela, nezilungisekayo, ngasinye esifanele izakhiwo ezahlukene zophahla nezidingo.
Amakhebula Nebhokisi Lokusabalalisa: Amakhebula axhumanisa amaphaneli elanga, i-inverter, kanye negridi, amandla okudlulisa. Ibhokisi lokusabalalisa livikela uhlelo lwe-PV, livimbela izinkinga ezifana nogesi odlulayo kanye nogesi odlulayo.
2. Inqubo Yokuguqulwa Kwe-Photoelectric Ezinhlelweni Ze-PV Ezisephahleni
Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric yezinhlelo ze-PV eziphahleni isekelwe kakhulu kumphumela we-photovoltaic ku-physics. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kushaya amaphaneli elanga, ama-photon asebenzisana nama-electron ezintweni ze-semiconductor, akhiqize ugesi. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo:
Ukumuncwa kwe-Photon: Ama-photon ekukhanyeni kwelanga amuncwa yizinto ze-semiconductor ezikuphaneli yelanga.
Umphumela we-Photovoltaic: Amandla avela kuma-photon avusa ama-electron ezintweni ze-semiconductor, okubangela ukuba agxume esuka ebhendini le-valence aye ebhendini lokuhambisa, okudala ama-electron-hole pair. Ama-electron amahhala kanye nemigodi eshiywe ngemuva ikhiqiza ugesi njengoba ihamba.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kweshaja Nokukhiqizwa Kwamanje: Ngaphansi kwensimu kagesi yangaphakathi yeseli, ama-electron akhiqizwayo kanye nezimbobo kuyahlukaniswa bese kuhamba kuye emaphethelweni aphambene, kudala umehluko we-voltage futhi kukhiqize i-current.
3. Ukukhishwa Kwamandla Nokusetshenziswa
Ugesi okhiqizwa ngamaphaneli elanga ngokuvamile usesimweni se-DC futhi udinga ukuguqulwa ube yi-AC nge-inverter yokusetshenziswa ekhaya noma ezimbonini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ze-PV zingagcina ugesi owengeziwe emaphaketheni ebhethri ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva.
Ezinhlelweni ze-PV ezisatshalaliswayo, ugesi okhiqizwayo usetshenziswa kakhulu ngumnikazi, kanti noma yikuphi okusele kungathengiswa kugridi. Lo modeli "wokuzisebenzisa ngokweqile okufakwa kugridi" awunciphisi nje kuphela izindleko zikagesi kodwa futhi unegalelo ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
4. Izinzuzo kanye namathemba okusetshenziswa kwe-PV yophahla
I-PV yophahla iyisisombululo samandla esihlanzekile, esingenakungcola esinezinzuzo eziphawulekayo. Okokuqala, amandla elanga ayimithombo evuselelekayo, eqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okusimeme. Okwesibili, izinhlelo ze-PV zophahla zihlangana kahle nezakhiwo, zithuthukisa ubuhle ngenkathi zinikeza umthunzi kanye nokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukisa induduzo yesakhiwo.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-PV kanye nokwehla kwezindleko, izinhlelo ze-PV zophahla zibona ukusetshenziswa kabanzi. Emikhakheni yezentengiselwano neyezimboni, izinhlelo ze-PV zophahla zinikeza amandla ahlanzekile, angabizi kakhulu, anciphisa izindleko zamandla futhi athuthukisa izinzuzo zomnotho. Ezakhiweni zokuhlala, izinhlelo ze-PV zophahla zingahlinzeka ngogesi wasekhaya, nganoma yikuphi okunye okusalile okuthengiselwa igridi ukuze kutholakale imali eyengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bakazwelonke nabasekhaya basekela kakhulu imboni ye-PV, besebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokukhuthaza ukufakwa kwe-PV.
Ekuphetheni, izinhlelo ze-PV eziphahleni zisebenza ngokusekelwe kumphumela we-photovoltaic, ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi ngamaphaneli elanga futhi ziwunikeze kumadivayisi kagesi ngama-inverters. Njengomthombo wamandla ohlanzekile, ovuselelekayo, i-PV ephahleni inikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kanye namathuba okusebenzisa athembisayo.
