I te piki haere tonu o te hiahia mō te pūngao o te ao, me te tipu haere o te mōhiotanga ki te taiao, kei te piki haere te aro ki te pūngao o te rā, he rauemi ma, he rauemi whakahou. Ko ngā pūnaha photovoltaic (PV) o runga tuanui, he tikanga whai hua mō te whakamahi i te pūngao o te rā, kua whānuitia te whakamahi i roto i te maha o ngā whenua me ngā rohe. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te mahi a ngā pūnaha PV o runga tuanui, tae atu ki ō rātou wāhanga matua, te tukanga hurihanga photoelectric, me te putanga pūngao.
1. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha PV o te Tuanui
He maha ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi pūnaha PV tuanui, tae atu ki ngā panera rā (ngā kōwae PV), he inverter, ngā pūnaha whakairi, ngā taura, me te pouaka tohatoha.
Ngā Paewhiri Rā: Hei wāhanga matua o te pūnaha PV tuanui, he maha ngā pūtau rā e hangaia ana i ngā paewhiri rā, e whakamahia ana te silicon. He tino pai te whai huatanga o te hurihanga hiko whakaahua o te silicon, e āhei ai te huri i te rā hei hiko. E toru ngā momo matua o ngā paewhiri rā: te monocrystalline, te polycrystalline, me te amorphous silicon. Ko ngā paewhiri monocrystalline te mea tino whai hua engari he nui ake te utu.
Kaitahuri: Ko te mahi a te kaitahuri he huri i te iahiko tika (DC) i hangaia e ngā panera rā ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC) hei whakamahi mā ngā taputapu o te whare, o ngā taputapu ahumahi rānei. Ka pā tika te mahi a te kaitahuri ki te pai me te pumau o te pūnaha PV, nō reira me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pai o te hurihanga, te ine mana, me te pono i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi kaitahuri.
Pūnaha Whakamau: Ka whakamahia te pūnaha whakamau hei tāuta me te whakau i ngā panera rā ki runga i te tuanui, kia taea ai te whakarerekē i te koki me te aronga kia nui rawa te pānga o te rā. Ko ngā momo pūnaha whakamau ko ngā whakamau pumau, ngā whakamau aroturuki, me ngā whakamau whakarerekē, ia mea e tika ana mō ngā hanganga me ngā hiahia o te tuanui rerekē.
Ngā Taura me te Pouaka Tohatoha: Ka hono ngā taura i ngā panera rā, te inverter, me te whatunga hiko, ka tuku hiko. Ka tiaki te pouaka tohatoha i te pūnaha PV, ka ārai i ngā raruraru pēnei i te nui rawa o te au me te ngaohiko.
2. Te Tukanga Whakawhitinga Hiko Whakaahua i roto i ngā Pūnaha PV o te Rooftop
Ko te tukanga whakawhiti hikohiko o ngā pūnaha PV tuanui e ahu mai ana i te pānga photovoltaic i roto i te ahupūngao. Ina pā te hihi o te rā ki ngā panera rā, ka taunekeneke ngā photon me ngā irahiko i roto i te rauemi semiconductor, ka whakaputa hiko. Anei te mahi:
Te mimiti i te Photon: Ka mimitihia ngā photon i roto i te hihi o te rā e te rauemi semiconductor i roto i te papa rā.
Pānga Photovoltaic: Ka whakaoho te pūngao mai i ngā photon i ngā irahiko i roto i te rauemi semiconductor, ka peke atu i te roopu valence ki te roopu conduction, ka hanga he takirua irahiko-pōhatu. Ka whakaputa hiko ngā irahiko kore utu me ngā pōhatu e toe ana i a rātou e neke ana.
Te Wehenga Utu me te Whakaputa Au: I raro i te papa hiko o roto o te pūtau, ka wehea ngā irahiko me ngā kōhao i hangaia, ka neke ki ngā pito rerekē, ka hanga he rerekētanga ngaohiko me te whakaputa au.
3. Putanga Mana me te Whakamahinga
Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā panera rā he āhua DC te nuinga, ā, me huri ki te AC mā te inverter mō te whakamahinga o te whare, o te ahumahi rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā pūnaha PV te penapena i te hiko taikaha ki roto i ngā putea pākahiko mō te whakamahinga a muri ake nei.
I roto i ngā pūnaha PV tohatoha, ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana ka whakamahia e te rangatira, engari ko te toenga hiko ka taea te hoko atu ki te whatunga hiko. Ko tēnei tauira "te whakamahi-ake me te toenga hiko e tukuna ana ki te whatunga hiko" ehara i te mea ka whakaiti i ngā utu hiko anake engari ka whai wāhi hoki ki te tiaki taiao.
4. Ngā Painga me ngā Āhuatanga Whakamahinga o te Rooftop PV
He otinga pūngao ma, kore parahanga te PV tuanui, he nui ngā painga. Tuatahi, he rauemi whakahou te pūngao rā, e whakarite ana i te tuku pūngao pumau. Tuarua, ka hono pai ngā pūnaha PV tuanui ki ngā whare, ka whakarei ake i te ataahua me te whakarato i te atarangi me te whakamarumaru, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whakamarie o te whare.
I te whanaketanga o te hangarau PV me te whakahekenga o ngā utu, kei te whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha PV tuanui. I roto i ngā rāngai arumoni me ngā rāngai ahumahi, ka tukuna e ngā pūnaha PV tuanui he hiko ma, he hiko whai hua, ka whakaiti i ngā utu pūngao me te whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga. Mō ngā whare noho, ka taea e ngā pūnaha PV tuanui te tuku hiko whare, ā, ka hokona atu tetahi toenga ki te whatunga hiko hei moni tāpiri. Hei tāpiri, ka tautoko kaha ngā kāwanatanga ā-motu me ā-rohe i te umanga PV, me te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa here hei whakatenatena i te tāutanga PV.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te mahi a ngā pūnaha PV tuanui i runga i te pānga photovoltaic, e huri ana i te hihi o te rā hei hiko mā roto i ngā panera solar, ā, e tuku ana ki ngā taputapu hiko mā roto i ngā inverters. Hei puna hiko ma, ka taea te whakahou, he nui ngā painga o te PV tuanui me ngā tūmanakohanga tono whai hua.
