Ngenxa yotshintsho lwehlabathi kwisakhiwo samandla kunye nokwanda kolwazi ngokusingqongileyo, iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic (PV) zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino ziye zafumana ingqalelo eyandayo kumashishini nakumaziko njengendlela ephambili yokusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokwakha kunye nemigangatho yokwamkelwa kwezi nkqubo ayikaqhelekanga kwabaninzi.
Inkqubo Yokwakhiwa Kweenkqubo Ze-Photovoltaic Zorhwebo Nezoshishino
Inkqubo yokwakha iinkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso inokwahlulwa ngokubanzi ibe ngamanyathelo alandelayo: ukulungiswa kweprojekthi, uphando kunye noyilo lwendawo, ukuthengwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwezixhobo, ukwakhiwa kunye nokufakelwa, ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo kunye noqhagamshelo lwegridi, kunye nokugcinwa emva kokufakelwa.
1. Ukulungiselela iProjekthi
Ngexesha lokulungiselela iprojekthi, amashishini kufuneka achaze ngokucacileyo iimfuno zawo zamandla, iimeko zophahla, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lotyalo-mali. Ukubonisana kokuqala neengcali zokudibanisa iinkqubo ze-PV kubalulekile ukuqonda imigaqo esisiseko yeenkqubo ze-PV, imbuyekezo elindelekileyo, kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kweli nqanaba kukuqinisekisa ukuqonda okusisiseko kweenkqubo ze-PV kunye nokubeka isiseko esiqinileyo somsebenzi olandelayo.
2. Uphando lweNdawo kunye noYilo
Uphando lwendawo luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokwakha. Iqela leengcali zobugcisa liza kuqhuba uphando oluneenkcukacha ngesakhiwo sophahla, indlela olujongwa ngayo, iimeko zomthunzi, kwaye livavanye amandla okuthwala umthwalo wophahla. Ngokusekelwe koku, iqela loyilo liza kuphuhlisa isicwangciso soyilo lwenkqubo ye-PV esenziwe ngokwezifiso, kubandakanya uyilo lweemodyuli ze-PV, ukukhethwa kwee-inverters, kunye neendlela zokufaka iintambo. Isicwangciso soyilo esigqityiweyo kufuneka sixelelwe ngokupheleleyo neshishini ukuqinisekisa ukuba siyahlangabezana neemfuno zalo zokwenyani.
3. Ukuthengwa kwezixhobo kunye nokuThuthwa
Kwinqanaba lokuthengwa kwezixhobo, amashishini kunye nabadibanisi beenkqubo kufuneka bamisele kunye iimpawu kunye neemodeli zezixhobo eziphambili ezifana neemodyuli ze-PV, ii-inverters, kunye neentambo. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe umgangatho, ukusebenza, kunye nexabiso lezixhobo, kukhethwe ababoneleli abanegama elihle kunye nenkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa. Nje ukuba ukuthengwa kugqityiwe, ukuthuthwa kunye nokugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo ngokweshedyuli yokwakha kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zihlala zikwimeko entle ngaphambi kokufakwa.
4. Ukwakhiwa kunye nokufakelwa
Ukwakha nokufakela ngamanqanaba abalulekileyo ekwakheni inkqubo ye-PV. Ngaphambi kokwakha, indawo kufuneka isuswe inkunkuma kunye neengozi ezinokubakho. Ukulandela isicwangciso soyilo, kufakwa iimodyuli ze-PV, kuqhagamshelwe ii-inverters, kwaye kubekwe iintambo. Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwakha, amashishini kufuneka aqeshe abasebenzi ukuba bajonge kwaye baqinisekise ukuba umgangatho uhambelana nemigangatho efanelekileyo. Abasebenzi bokwakha kufuneka balandele ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokhuseleko ukuqinisekisa inkqubo yokwakha ekhuselekileyo.
5. Ukuqaliswa kweNkqubo kunye noQhagamshelo lweGridi
Emva kokufakelwa, inkqubo kufuneka iqalise ukusebenza. Ngexesha lokuqalisa ukusebenza, iingcali ziya kuvavanya kwaye ziphucule amandla okukhupha iimodyuli ze-PV, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwee-inverters, kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo iyonke. Nje ukuba ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kuqinisekiswe, amashishini kufuneka afake isicelo kwinkampani yegridi yasekuhlaleni ukuze avunyelwe uqhagamshelo lwegridi. Emva kokuba yamkelwe ngempumelelo, inkqubo ye-PV iya kuqhagamshelwa ngokusesikweni kwigridi, iqalise ukubonelela ngombane kwaye izuze kwizibonelelo zesizwe.
6. Ukugcinwa Emva Kokufakelwa
Ukugcinwa emva kokufakelwa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Amashishini kufuneka acoce kwaye agcine iimodyuli ze-PV rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukugcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo ne-integrator yenkqubo ukujongana nazo naziphi na iimpazamo okanye imiba yenkqubo ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile. Iinkonzo zolondolozo lobungcali zinokwandisa ubomi benkqubo ye-PV kwaye zonyuse iingenelo zenkqubo iyonke.
Imigangatho yoKwamkelwa kweeNkqubo zePhotovoltaic zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso
Ukwamkelwa kweenkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo. Inkqubo yokwamkelwa kufuneka ihambelane nemigangatho yesizwe neyengingqi, yenze uhlolo olupheleleyo lwemiba eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo. Nazi ezinye zemigangatho ephambili yokwamkelwa:
1. Ukwamkelwa kweModyuli yePV
Iimodyuli ze-PV zezona zinto ziphambili kwinkqubo ye-PV, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Ngexesha lokwamkelwa, kufuneka kujongwe ngokweenkcukacha inkangeleko yeemodyuli, ubukhulu, amandla aphumayo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwazo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho monakalo okanye ungcoliseko kwaye ziyahlangabezana nemigaqo yoyilo.
2. Ukwamkelwa kwe-Inverter
Ii-inverters zizixhobo eziphambili eziguqula i-direct current (DC) ibe yi-alternating current (AC) kwinkqubo ye-PV. Ukwamkelwa kubandakanya ukuqinisekisa iimodeli zee-inverters, iinkcukacha, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula. Ukongeza, imisebenzi yokukhusela, amandla onxibelelwano, kunye nokuzinza kwee-inverters kufuneka kuvavanywe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo.
3. Ukwamkelwa kweCable kunye neeNtambo
Iintambo kunye neentambo zibalulekile ekudluliseleni umbane kwinkqubo ye-PV. Ukwamkelwa kufuna ukujonga iinkcukacha, iimodeli, kunye nomgangatho weentambo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo kwaye zineempawu ezilungileyo zokuthintela ubushushu. Uqhagamshelo, ukubopha, kunye nokuthintela amanzi kwiiterminals nazo kufuneka zivavanywe ukuze ziqiniseke ukuba zithembekile.
4. Ukwamkelwa koKusebenza kweNkqubo
Ukwamkelwa kokusebenza kwenkqubo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo iyonke. Ukuvavanya amandla okukhupha inkqubo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza koqhagamshelo lwegridi kuyimfuneko. Ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso oyilo kunye namaxabiso okwenyani, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunokuvavanywa ngokuchasene neethagethi ezilindelekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka uhlolo olupheleleyo lwemisebenzi yokhuseleko, uzinzo, kunye nokhuseleko ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide.
5. Ukwamkelwa koKhuseleko noKhuseleko
Ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekwamkelweni kwenkqubo ye-PV. Ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko lombane, ukumisa umhlaba, kunye namanyathelo okuthintela umlilo kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo inesakhelo esipheleleyo sokhuseleko lokhuseleko ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kwendalo yangaphandle. Ukongeza, ukuqinisekiswa kweelebheli zenkqubo, izilumkiso, kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha imeko kaxakeka kuyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi.
6. Ukwamkelwa kwamaxwebhu kunye nezixhobo
Amaxwebhu kunye nezixhobo zakha isiseko sokwamkelwa kwenkqubo ye-PV. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamaxwebhu oyilo, imizobo yokwakha, uluhlu lwezixhobo, kunye neencwadi zokusebenza kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukugqibelela nokuchaneka, okubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla kumsebenzi wolondolozo olandelayo. Ukucaciswa kwamaxesha ewaranti, iinkonzo zasemva kokuthengisa, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa nako kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amashishini afumana inkxaso ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangempumelelo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
Imingeni kunye nezisombululo kulwakhiwo kunye nokwamkelwa kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso
Nangona iinkqubo zokwakha nokwamkelwa kweenkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso zifikelele esiphelweni, amashishini asenokujongana nemingeni emininzi. Nazi ezinye zeengxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye nezisombululo ezifanelekileyo:
1. Imiqobo yemeko yophahla
Ezinye izakhiwo zorhwebo nezoshishino zinokuba neemeko ezingezizo ezilungileyo zophahla, njengomthamo olinganiselweyo wokuthwala umthwalo okanye umthunzi obalulekileyo. Ukujongana nale micimbi, amashishini angenza uphando olucokisekileyo kunye novavanyo ngexesha lesigaba soyilo, ekhetha iimodyuli ze-PV ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokufakela. Umzekelo, iimodyuli ze-PV ezilula, uyilo lweemodyuli olulungiselelweyo, kunye nee-tracking mounts zinokunciphisa imida yophahla.
2. Ukhuseleko loKwakha kunye noLawulo loMgangatho
Ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso kubandakanya umsebenzi wombane ophezulu, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko kukhuseleko. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokwakha kunye nolawulo lomgangatho nako kuyinselele. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nomgangatho, amashishini kufuneka akhethe amaqela okwakha anamava, alandele ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yokwakha. Abaphathi kufuneka baqeshwe ngexesha lokwakha, kwaye uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo kunye nemfundo kufuneka lunikezelwe ukuphucula ulwazi lwabasebenzi ngokhuseleko kunye nezakhono zokwakha.
3. Inkqubo yoQhagamshelo lweGridi eyinkimbinkimbi
Inkqubo yoqhagamshelo lwegridi kwiinkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezoshishino iyinkimbinkimbi, ifuna unxibelelwano oluninzi kunye nokulungelelaniswa neenkampani zegridi zasekuhlaleni. Ukuze kube lula inkqubo yoqhagamshelo lwegridi, amashishini anokuziqhelanisa nemigaqo-nkqubo yegridi yasekuhlaleni kunye neenkqubo zayo kwangaphambili, elungiselela izixhobo zokufaka isicelo kunye namaxwebhu afunekayo. Ukugcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo neenkampani zegridi kunokunceda ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nobunzima ngokukhawuleza ngexesha loqhagamshelo lwegridi.
4. Iinkonzo zoLondolozo oluNcinci emva koFakelo
Emva kokwakhiwa kwenkqubo ye-PV, amanye amashishini anokujongana neenkonzo zokulungisa ezingonelanga emva kokufakelwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide, amashishini kufuneka akhethe abahlanganisi beenkqubo abanegama elihle kunye neenkonzo zasemva kokuthengisa, batyikitye izivumelwano zokulungisa ixesha elide. Iinkonzo zokulungisa zobungcali zinokuchonga ngokukhawuleza kwaye zilungise iimpazamo kunye nemiba yenkqubo, zandise ubomi benkqubo kwaye zonyuse iingenelo zenkqubo iyonke.
Isiphelo
Ukwakhiwa nokwamkelwa kweenkqubo ze-PV zorhwebo nezemizi-mveliso yinkqubo entsonkothileyo necokisekileyo, efuna imizamo yokusebenzisana kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamashishini, abahlanganisi beenkqubo, kunye neenkampani zegridi. Ngokulandela iinkqubo zokwakha zesayensi kunye nemigangatho yokwamkelwa engqongqo, umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweenkqubo ze-PV kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba kuhlangatyezwane neenjongo ezilindelweyo, okubonelela ngeenzuzo zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo zexesha elide kumashishini.
