Kua kite te umanga photovoltaic (PV) i ngā whanaketanga whakamiharo, me ētahi hangarau matua e whakahou ana i te āhua o te pūngao o te rā. Ko te arotahi o ēnei auahatanga ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakarei ake i te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā kōwae rā. Anei tētahi tirohanga tata atu ki ngā hangarau e ahu whakamua ana i te umanga:
Ko tētahi o ngā putanga nui ko te hangarau tapahi waea taimana, e whakaiti nui ana i te utu o te tapahi i te silicon tioata. Mā te whakamahi i ngā waea pania taimana mō te tapahi tere, ka pai ake te mahi a tēnei tikanga i te tapahi paru tuku iho i runga i te whai huatanga me te whai huatanga o te utu. Kua tino neke te silicon monocrystalline ki te tapahi waea taimana, i te mea kei te tere te whai a te silicon multicrystalline i tēnei, e tohu ana i tētahi panonitanga tauira i roto i te hanga papa silicon.
Kua noho ko te hangarau PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) hei mea nui mō ngā pūtau PV tino whai hua. Kāore i rite ki ngā pūtau tuku iho, ka whakauruhia e te PERC he mata o muri kua pāngia, ka whakaiti i te whakakotahitanga o ngā irahiko me te whakapai ake i te whakaata mārama. Ka tino whakarei ake tēnei auahatanga i te whai huatanga o te pūtau. I te mutunga o te tau 2018, kua eke te kaha whakaputa PERC o te ao ki te 70GW, me te tumanako ka tipu ake, ka whakapūmau i tōna tūranga hei hangarau matua i roto i ngā hua pūngao rā whai hua.
Ko tētahi atu auahatanga e whakarerekē ana i te kēmu ko te whakaurunga o te waea taimana me te hangarau silicon pango. Ka whakapai ake te silicon pango i te mimiti mārama me te whai huatanga o te pūtau mā te aro atu ki te whakaata mata teitei o te silicon tuku iho. Ahakoa ko te silicon pango maroke te mea e tino whai hua ana, me whai taputapu utu nui, ka whakawhāiti i tōna whakamahinga whānui ki ngā kaihanga taumata teitei. He huarahi pai ake te silicon pango mākū, ka eke ki te pikinga whai huatanga o te 0.3%-0.5% me te iti o te haumitanga whakapaipai.
Ko ngā pūtau rā kanohi-rua tētahi atu whanaketanga nui, ka taea te hopu i te hihi o te rā mai i ngā taha e rua hei whakanui ake i te whakaputanga pūngao. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te tā taha-rua me te tāpiri boron, ka eke ēnei pūtau ki te pikinga pūngao taha-muri o te 10%-25%, i runga i ngā āhuatanga taiao. Kei te piki haere te kaha whakaputa o ngā pūtau kanohi-rua monocrystalline momo-N, ā, ka piki ake te whakamahinga i roto i te mākete.
Ko te hangarau pae-maha (MBB) tētahi atu auahatanga whakamiharo, e whakaatu ana i ngā pae-maha 12 hei whakapai ake i te kohikohinga o te iahiko me te whakaiti i te ātete ā-roto. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei hoahoa te ngaronga o te atarangi, ka whakarei ake i te mimiti mārama, ā, ka whakanui ake i te putanga mana o te waeine mā te 5W pea. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaitihia e te MBB te tūponotanga o ngā pakaru moroiti, ā, ka pupuri tonu i te putanga pūngao pumau ahakoa he kino te pūtau.
Mā te hangarau kōwae shingled ka arotauhia te whakatakotoranga o ngā pūtau PV mā te tapatapahi me te taupoki i a rātou, ka hangaia he whirihoranga piripono e whakanui ana i te kiato pūtau neke atu i te 13% ki te whakaritea ki ngā kōwae tuku iho. Ko te korenga o ngā rīpene whakapiri ka whakaiti i ngā mate hiko, ka whakanui ake i te pai o te kōwae me te putanga hiko. Ko tēnei hangarau he taahiraa whakamua hou i roto i te takai kōwae tino pai.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te hangarau pūtau haurua-tapa ko te wehewehe i ngā pūtau tuku iho kia haurua, me te whakarite anō i roto i te kōwae. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā rerekētanga o te au, ka whakaitihia ngā ngaronga hiko o roto, ā, ka whakanuia te putanga whānui mā te 10W pea ki te whakataurite ki ngā kōwae pūtau-katoa. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaitihia te pāmahana o ngā wāhi wera mā te 25°C pea, ka whakapai ake i te pono me te roa.
E whakaatu ana ēnei hangarau hou i te whakapau kaha o te umanga PV ki te auahatanga. Mā te whakapai tonu i te mahi, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakawhānui ake i ngā tono, kei te whakatakoto huarahi rātou mō tētahi heke mai pumau me te whai hua o te hiko o te rā.
