Ko te hangarau photovoltaic (PV), e whakamahi ana i te pūngao o te rā hei whakaputa hiko, he mea nui ki te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te ao mō te pūngao ma. I roto i ngā momo hangarau PV, ko te silicon tioata te mea tino pakari me te whānui o te whakamahi. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te haerenga whanaketanga, ngā whanaketanga hangarau, me ngā tono mahi a te hangarau PV silicon tioata.
Ngā Pūtake me te Whanaketanga Tūatahi o te Hangarau PV Silicon Crystalline
I ahu mai te hangarau PV silicon tioata i te tekau tau atu i 1950, i te wā i angitu ai te whakawhanaketanga o te pūtau solar tuatahi e hangai ana ki te silicon me te pai o te huringa o te 6%. Ahakoa i whakawhāitihia tōna whakamahinga tuatahi ki ngā wāhanga hangarau teitei pēnei i te tūhuratanga ātea nā te nui o ngā utu, i tohu tēnei tohu i te whānautanga o te hangarau PV.
Ngā Whakatairanga Hangarau me te Whakawhanaketanga
1. Ngā putanga hou i ngā tau 1970
I te tekau tau atu i 1970, i kitea te pikinga o te hiahia mō te pūngao ma, ā, i puta ai ngā whanaketanga nui i roto i te hangarau PV silicon tioata. I whakatikatikahia e ngā kairangahau ngā tukanga hanga, i whakapiki ake i te pai o te hurihanga ki te 10%-15%, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te hanga papatipu.
2. Te Putanga Mai o te Mākete i ngā Tau 1980
Ko ngā tau 1980 te tīmatanga o te hokohoko o te mākete PV, i akiakihia e ngā whakatenatena a te kāwanatanga mō te pūngao hou. Nā ngā tikanga whakaputa whakarei ake me ngā ōhanga tauine i whakaiti i ngā utu, ā, i taea ai te whakamahi whānui i roto i ngā wāhi noho me ngā wāhi ahumahi.
3. Ngā Whakapainga Whai Hua i ngā Tau 1990
I ngā tau 1990, nā ngā whakatikatika hangarau i whakapiki ake te whai huatanga o te tahuritanga ki te 15%-18%. Nā ngā kamupene pēnei i a Sharp me Suntech i whakauru mai ngā hua tino whai hua, ā, i tere ake ai te tipu o te mākete o te ao.
4. Te Whanuitanga Tere i ngā Tau 2000
I kitea te tipu whakamiharo o te umanga PV i ngā tau 2000, me te hangarau silicon tioata i te mākete. I te tau 2008, kua uru ngā pūnaha PV ki te ao pūngao o te ao, me te tautoko a ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rauemi, te whai huatanga, me te pakari.
Ngā Auahatanga o Nāianei me ngā Aronga o te Ao
1. Ngā Auahatanga Tino Whai Hua
Kei roto i te hangarau silicon tioata ngā kōwae monocrystalline me ngā kōwae polycrystalline. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā kōwae monocrystalline, e paingia ana mō te pai ake o te mahi (20%-22%) me te whakamahinga pai ake o te wāhi, ā, kei te noho tonu ngā kōwae polycrystalline hei kōwhiringa utu-whai hua (15%-18%). E oati ana ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) ki te whakapiki ake i te pai o te mahi.
2. Ngā Wāhanga Mata-rua
Mā te hangarau mata-rua ka taea e ngā kōwae te mimiti i te hihi o te rā i ngā taha e rua, ka whakanui ake i te whakaputanga pūngao mā te 20%-30%, i runga i ngā āhuatanga tāutanga. He tino whai hua tēnei auahatanga i roto i ngā taiao whakaata-tiketike, ā, kei te whakawhānui ake i ngā horopaki tono.
3. Ngā Pūnaha Atamai me te Aunoa
Nā te whakaurunga o ngā raina whakaputa atamai me ngā pūnaha whakahaere kua pai ake te whai huatanga o te hanga. Mā te whakamahinga o te IoT me ngā raraunga nui ka taea te aroturuki me te arotau i ngā pūnaha PV i te wā tūturu, kia pai ake ai te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua o te Hangarau PV Silicon Crystalline
1. Ngā Pūnaha Rā Noho
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kōwae PV silicon tioata i roto i ngā wāhi noho, ā, mā te tāutanga tuanui ka whakaitihia ngā pire hiko, ka whakatairangahia hoki te oranga pumau. I runga i te wāhi, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakahokia te haumitanga mai i te 5 ki te 10 tau.
2. Ngā Whakamahinga Ahumahi me te Arumoni
Kei te piki haere te whakamahi a ngā whare ahumahi me ngā whare arumoni i ngā pūnaha PV i runga i ngā tuanui me ngā hanganga waka. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei pūnaha te hiko e whakaputahia ana e rātou anō, ā, ka taea te hoko atu i te pūngao toenga ki te whatunga hiko, ka puta he hua ōhanga.
3. Ngā Pūnaha Ahuwhenua
Ko te whakakotahitanga o te ahuwhenua me te hangarau PV (hei tauira, "te mahi tahi a te rā me te ahuwhenua") he rua ngā painga: te whakaputa pūngao hou me te whakapai ake i te oneone. Mā te tāuta i ngā waeine PV ki runga ake i te whenua pāmu ka taea te whakaputa pūngao me te kore e aukati i te tipu o ngā hua.
4. Ngā Otinga i Waho-Whatunga me te Whatunga Iti
I ngā wāhi tūroa, i waho rānei i te whatunga hiko, ka whakaratohia e ngā pūnaha PV silicon crystalline kua whakauruhia ki te rokiroki pūngao he hiko pono mō ngā whare me ngā pakihi iti, ka whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga pumau.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whanaketanga o te hangarau PV silicon crystalline e whakaatu ana i tōna panonitanga mai i te auahatanga whakamātautau ki te whakamahinga whānui. Ko ngā whanaketanga tonu me te tipu haere o te tono mākete ka whakarite kia noho tonu tēnei hangarau ki mua i te umanga PV. Hei tūāpapa mō te pūngao whakahou, ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa te hangarau PV silicon crystalline i te whakawhiti ki ngā pūnaha pūngao pumau engari ka tautoko hoki i ngā mahi ā-ao ki tētahi heke mai ma ake, pumau ake. Me ngā auahatanga tonu me ngā tono whānui, he mārama te heke mai o te umanga PV.
